J. H. COLTOFS 




&e-1^0O(i3, 



GEOGRAPHICAL AND STATISTICAL WORKS. 

Office, No. 86 Cedar Street, New York. 



The general accuracy and exactness of the works published from this long-established house, has 
been fully appreciated by the learned and intelligent of all parts of the world ; and it is with 
pleasure that the publisher can refer to this fact, in soliciting a continuance of the public favor. 
It has ever been his care to procure the earliest and most reliable information, on all topics con- 
nected with the peculiar branch iu which he is engaged, and being assisted in the several 
departments of his business by competent co-laborators, he has been enabled to invest his pub- 
lications wUh that authenticity which has gained for him the confidence and approbation of all 
persons interested in geographical inquiries. His efforts, in the same direction, are unremitted, 
and by frequent revisions and the issue of new works, the public may rely upon receiving, in an 
authentic form, every new geographical and statistical fact at the earliest period. The followiig 
works from his Catalogue for 185i (which may be had on application), are worthy of special 
notice : — 

ilToitntcIif illaps. 

WORLD, on Mercator's projection, engraved on [ INDIANA, in sections, of two sizes, viz. : 66 by 



in two series ; the size 
of one being .58 by 44 
inches, and of the other 
32 by 25 inches. 



48 inches, and 43 by .32 inches. 
ILLINOIS, in sections, 43 by 32 inches. 
MICHIGAN, in sections, 35 by 25 inches. 
TOWNSHIP MAPS, of the (States severally, a 

UNIFORM sERiKs, size of cach 32 by 29 inches, 

now in progress, and of which the following 

are completed — 



stee! and highly embellished, .in tliree sizes, 

viz. : 80 by 60 inches ; 44 by 30 inches ; and 

28 by 22 inches. 
WORLD, in hemispheres, for the use of schools 

and churches, each hemisphere siz feet in 

diiimeter. 
NORTH AMERICA, 
SOUTH AMERICA, 
EUROPE, 
ASIA, 
AFRICA, 
NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA, 32 by 25 

inches. 
WEST INDIES, 32 by 25 inches. 
UNITED STATES, &c., enijraved on steel, in 

twii sizes, viz. : 02 by 55 inches, and 45 by 36 

inches. 
MEXICO, 42 by 32 inches. 
NEW YORK, in townships, 60 by 50 inches. 

Also, mounted Maps of PALESTINE, in two sizes, viz. : 80 by 62 inches, and 43 by 32 inches : 
EoYPT, Arabia. Petr.€a, &c., 32 by 25 inches ; and a great variety of local Maps. Also, the Stream 
OF Time, an historical chart ; Portraits of the Presidents, &c. 



Maine, N. Hamp., 
Vermont, Conn., 
Mass., Rhode Is., 
New York, 
Virg., Md., Del., 



Ohio, 

Wisconsin, 
Missouri, 
Iowa, 

&c., &c. 



NEW ENGLAND, in townships, on steel aw 

embellished. 64 bv 56 inches. 
SOUTHERN STATES, size, 80 by 60 inch« 

(in proi;ress). 
WESTERN STATES, in townships, 30 by 31 

inches. 



(Suibc JBooks, ^r. 

Guide-Book through the United States, Canada, &c., with a large Map. 
Route-Book through the United States, Canada, &c., with a large Map. 
Guide-Book through New England and the Middle States, with a new Map. 
Western Tourist and Emigrant's Guide, with a township Map. 
Overland Guide to California and Oregon, by Horn, with a Map. 
Isthmus of Panama Guide, with three Maps, by Dr. E. L. Autenrieth. 
Western Portraiture, with a Township Map, by D. S. Curtiss. 

^[rawcUing iWapo in Portable i^orm. 



UNITED STATES, in several sizes. 
NEW YORK, in I wo sizes. 
MAINE, NEW B.^UNSWICK, &c. 
NEW HAMPSHIRE and VERMONT. 
MASS.. RHODE ISLAND, CONNECTICUT 
VIRGINIA, DELAWARE and MARYLAND, 



WESTERN STATES, viz.: Ohio. Tnd., &c. 

OHIO. MICHIGAN, WISCONSIN. 

ILLINOIS, IOWA, INDIANA 

NORTH Hiul SOUTH CAROLINA. 

MISSOURI, TEXAS, GEORGIA. 

NEW YORK VICINITY, LONG ISLAND. 
N. 15.— .All of the above .Maps are complete in regard of railroads, canals, &c., up to the date which 
appears in the title, and iu all respects are much more correct and detailed than any others hitherto 
published. 

Besides his own publications, J, H. C. has constanthj on hand an assort- 
ment of American and foreign Atlases, Mai^s, and other geographical 
works. 




GAZETTEER 



OF THE 



STATE OF MARYLAND, 



OOI»CE>XX.^I> VWL09X 



ffliis I! f Bi siviiTB rasisiF Ti im mm 

AND OTHER OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS. 



TO WHICH IS ADDED, 

A GENERAL ACCOUNT 

or THK 

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 



BY R. S. FISHER, M. D., 

AUTHOR OF THE "BOOK OF THE WORLD," &c.,fcc 



J)nblis!)cb bg 
J. H. COLTON, Nbw-Yoek, 

AND 



JAMES S. WATERS, Baltimore. " ^^^^^^ 



1852. 



<^^vC7:^^ 



A 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



Page. 

General Account of the State of Maryland 5 

Situation, Extent, &c 5 

G-eographical and Topographical Description 6 

Chesapeake Bay, Rivers, &c 7 

Geology, and Mineral Productions 7 

Historical Sketch of the State — Claiborne's Settlement on Kent Island — Charter of 
Charles I.^The " Ark" and the " Dove" — St. Mary's Settlement — Leonard Cal- 
vert, first Governor — Revolution in England — Act of Religious Toleration — Puri- 
tans at Pi:ovidence — Commission from England, and Deposition of Stone — Lord 
Baltimore regains his possessions — Claiborne flees to Virginia — Litroduction of 
Slavery — Charles, Lord Baltimore — First post-route — Manufactures founded — 
Death of Lord Baltimore — Indian Troubles — Germs of the Revolution of 1776 — 
Towns and Cities Chartered — Baltimore — Annapolis — Expedition to the Spanish 
Main — Manufactures discouraged by the EngUsh — Tobacco current as Money — 
Boundary Disputes with Virginia and Pennsylvania — Mason and Dixon's Line — 
Annihilation of the French Dominion in America — Resistance of Maryland to the 
Usurpations of the British Government — Revolution — Constitution — New Le- 
gislature — The " Maryland Line" — Peace — Cession of District of Columbia to Con- 
gress — The Potomac Company — Bishop Carroll — Federal Constitution — War of 
1812 — Battle of North Point — Defence of Baltimore — March to Washington — 
Public Education — Internal Improvements — Canals and Rail-roads — African Race 
in ^Maryland — Colonization Society established — Constitution Revised — Present 

Constitution, &c., 11 to 25 

Statistics of Population 25 

Immigration 29 

Deaf and Dumb, Bhnd, Insane, and Idiotic 29 

Distribution of Population, &c 30 

Occupations 31 

Agriculture, Crops, Live Stock, &c 32 

Manufactures, General Industry, &c 33 

Assessments and Taxation 37 

Pauperism, Crime, &c 38 

Schools, Academies, Colleges, Education, &c 39 

Periodical Press 39 

Statistics of Churches 40 

Abstract of the Constitution of 1851 42 

Right of Voting 42 

Election, Eligibility, Attributes, &c., of Governor 42 

Senators and Representatives 42 

Judiciary, &c 43 

General Provisions of Constitution 44 

Finances of the State 44 

Governors of Maryland, 1637 to 1852 46 



iv table of contents. 

Gazeteer of the State of Maryland — 

Alleghany County, Statistical Account of 47 

Anne Arundel County .... " 49 

Baltimore County " 64 

Calvert County " 58 

Caroline County " 59 

Carroll County « CO 

Cecil County " 61 

Charles County " 63 

Dorchester County " 68 

Frederick County " 71 

Harford County " 74 

Howard County " 77 

Kent County « 78 

Montgomery County " 82 

Prince George County " 88 

Queen Anne County " 90 

St. Mary's County " 93 

Somerset County " 95 

Talbot County « 97 

Washington County " 100 

Worcester County " 103 

General Account of the District of Columbia. 105 

City of Washington 103 

City of Georgetown 122 



GENERAL ACCOUNT 

OF THE 

STATE OF MARYLAND. 



Maryland, the most southern part of that division of the United States of America, 
usually called the " Middle States," is situate between the latitudes 38^ and 39° 
43' north, and between the longitudes 75° 03' and 79° 32' west from Greenwich, or 
2° 31' west and 1° 58' east from Washington. Its outline is extremely irregular, 
except on the north and east, where Mason and Dixon's line constitutes the fron- 
tier, and separates Maryland from the adjoining states of Pennsylvania and Dela- 
ware. On the south the Potomac river, with a winding channel and a circuitous 
general course, is its limitary stream, and divides it from Virginia. The main 
body of the eastern section is bounded by Delaware state line ; but a narrow 
strip, projecting eastward to the sea, intrudes itself between that state and the 
"Virginia portion of Chesapeake peninsula. The periphery of the state is estimated 
to be about 766 miles : namely, frorn the mouth of Potomac river to the 
source of its north branch, 320 miles ; thence north to the Pennsylvania line, 35 
miles ; thence along that line eastward, 199 miles ; thence along the west and 
south line of Delaware, 122 miles; thence along the Atlantic Ocean, 32 miles ; 
thence across the peninsula to the mouth of Pocomoke river, 20 miles ; and 
directly west to the confluence of Potomac river with Chesapeake Bay, the place 
of beginning, about 38 miles. Within this outline is contained a superficies of 
13,959 square miles ; but of this extent only 9,674 square miles are land, the 
residue being covered by the waters of Chesapeake Bay and its numerous inlets 
and bays. 

Maryland is naturally divided into three distinct geographical sections. The 
frst section comprises that portion lying to the east of Susquehanna river and 
Chesapeake Bay, known locally as the " Eastern Shore," and which contains the 
counties of Worcester, Somerset, Dorchester, Talbot, Caroline, Queen Anne, 
Kent and Cecil. It forms a part of that long peninsula, which, projecting south- 
ward towards and into the Atlantic Ocean, divides the waters of Chesapeake and 
Delaware bays, and which, though of very limited extent, comprises the whole of one 
state, and portions of two others. The surface of the whole tract is level, and but 
slightly elevated above the sea ; and in every part its soils are more or less sandy, 
but, in their general character, may be considered as above the average in respect 
of their adaptation to the purposes of agriculture. Few rocks are found in any 
part, and the mineral deposits are chiefly bog iron-ore, chromes, &c., with aluminous 
and magnesian salts. Marl, shell-lime, marsh mud, peat or turf, and other agents 
used as fertilizers, abound. In the northern districts of this region, however, the 
country is hilly, and in some parts has a rocky substratum — the rocks chiefly 
sandstone and slate. The forest growths consist principally of oaks of vaiious 
species, hickory, chestnut, pine, locust, walnut, cedar, gum, beech, and a great 
variety of shrub and herbaceous annuals. Wheat, Indian corn and tobacco, are 



6 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 

'the staple productions ; and in the more southern counties, the cotton plant is said 
to succeed well. The climate is temperate, and highly favorable to the enjoy 
ment and extended duration of life. The land area of this section is computed at 
3,386 square miles, or 2,107,040 acres. The peninsula of which this portion of 
Maryland forms a part, is about 180 miles in length from the north line of the 
state to Cape Charles, and has an area of about 5,980 square miles ; — the neck 
between the inclosing bays is only al)Out 17 miles wide; but, as it stretches south- 
ward, it expands gradually to the width of 70 miles, and then as gradually contracts 
until it terminates in a long, narrow tongue, called Accomac peninsula, about 50 
miles in length and ten miles wide. The coast on the Chesapeake is deeply in- 
dented by numerous spacious gulfs and estuaries; such as those at the confluence 
with the bay of the Pocotnoke, Nanticoke, Choptank, Chester and Elk rivers; 
each receiving considerable streams from the interior and affording great facilities 
to navigation. /The eastern coast presents a striking contrast when compared with 
the western coast. " Between the ocean and the cultivated portion of the country, 
there is a prolonged sandy beach, varying from a few hundred yards to a quarter 
of a mile or upwards in breadth, and extending the whole length of the coast, 
without a single outlet to the ocean, from hidian river, in Delaware, to the south- 
ern extremity of Chincoteague Island, in Virginia. Between this beach and the 
main-land lies Sinepuxent Bay, from one to four or five miles wide, and nearly 30 
miles in length. It is a shallow sheet of water, navigable only to a short distance 
above South Point, at the lower end of Sinepuxent Neck." Some inlets that for- 
merly existed in this beach, and admitted the sea, are now closed, and the waters 
of the bay have become comparatively fresh. The second section, comprising what 
is usually called the Western Shore, consists of another peninsula lying inland be- 
tween the Potomac river and Chesapeake Bay, and up to the line of the river falls, 
which extend from above Port Deposit to above Georgetown. In its general 
features, soil and productions, it closely resembles the section of country already 
described. It is alluvial in its formation, and lying principally on the western 
shores of the bay, or upon the eastern bank of the lower Potomac, has the same 
climate as the " Eastern Shore." The counties comprised in this section are St. 
Mary's, Calvert, Charles, Prince George, Anne Arundel, Howard, parts of Mont- 
gomery, Baltimore, and Harford. The territorial extent of these counties is about 
3,698 square miles, or 2,306,520 acres. The leading geographical feature of the 
north-western part of this section, is the ledge of primitive rocks which runs from 
the left bank of the Potomac, in Montgomery county, north-eastward ly to the 
Susquehanna river, where it crosses the north line of the state. The primitive 
ledge forms a natural boundary between the alluvial region and the mountainous 
district of Maryland; which latter constitutes the third or western section, passing 
through which we meet with, in succession. South East Mountain or Parr's Ridge, 
terminating with Sugar-Loaf Mountain, on the Potomac ; Catoctin Mountain, 
reaching the same river at the Point of Rocks; South Mountain or Blue Ridge, 
crossing it at Harper's Ferry ; the Kittatinny, crossing it at Hancock ; Rugged 
Mountain, Wills Mountain, and other detached ridges ; and the great Alleghany 
ridge, traversing the fir western part of the state. Many fine valleys interlie the 
mountains, which in climate and soil are not surpassed by the most fovored re 
gions of the earth. This section extends along the left bank of the Potomac to the 
western boundary of the state, and, following the sinuosities of the river, is nearly 
1'75 miles in length, but so irregular in shape that, though it is more than 100 
miles wide at the eastern end, it is compressed in the middle by the near approach 
of the border lines of Virginia and Pennsylvania to a width of less than three miles. 
From the base of the primitive ledge, which is, in fiict, a lower branch of the Apa- 
lachian chain, the surface gradually rises to the head waters of the Potomac river 
2,000 or more feet. This represents the rise from tide- water at Baltimore to the 
dividing grounds in Alleghany county, between the waters of the Potomac and 



GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 7 

fliose falling into Ohio river. Embraced in this section are Carroll, Frederick 
Washington and Alleghany counties, which together cover an area of 2,590 
square miles, or 1,057,000 acres. 

Chesapeake Bay, which divides the state into two unequal parts, in its greatest 
extent lies within Maryland. It is a noble sheet of water, equaled in its com- 
mercial capacities by few of the great estuaries that in various parts of the world 
have attracted the notice and admiration of the mariner. Its entrance between 
Cape Charles and Cape Henry, in Virginia^ is about 15 miles in width, and opens 
from east to west; but on penetrating the land it suddenly changes its direction, 
and stretches from south to north over a distance of 180 miles, with a width in the 
southern part of 20 to 30 miles, and in the northern part of about 10 miles. It is, 
throughout, deep and navigable for large vessels, and it receives a-gfeat many deep 
and navigable rivers, of which the largest and principal are from Virginia. Its 
area is about 3,500 square miles. The Susquehanna river has its lower course in 
Mar^'land ; the tide reaches Port Deposit five miles from its mouth, above which 
there are falls ; the Patapsco river is a fine mill-stream falling into the bay of the 
same name below Baltimore ; the Patuxent, the principal river of the Western 
Shore, is a wide stream, flowing nearly parallel with the Potomac, and navigable 
to Nottingham about 50 miles for large vessels ; the Elk, Chester, Choptank, 
Nanticoke, and Pocomoke, on the Eastern Shore, are navigable for 30 or 40 miles; 
and the Monocacy river, Antietam creek and Conecocheague creek are the prin- 
cipal tributaries of the Potomac in Maryland. All these contribute to the volume 
of the waters of Chesapeake Bay, and, in their several courses, furnish fine avenues 
of internal trade, or provide water-power sufficient for all the purposes of exten- 
sive manufacturing operations. The Potomac, common to Virginia and Maryland, 
forming the boundary between the two, is the most important of all the streams 
of the latter, and the largest of the tributaries of the Chesapeake. It rises in the 
recesses of the Alleghany Mountains, and reaches the bay between Point Lookout 
and Smith's Point. This river is seven and a half miles wide at its mouth, and 
navigable for ships of the greatest burden for 300 miles from the sea, three miles 
below the head of tide-water. Above this point, the navigation is obstructed by 
a succession of falls, around w^hich, however, canals have been dug, and the naviga- 
ble channel so far improved as to render the river passable for boats to Cumber- 
land 191 miles above Washington. The descent of the Potomac, from the mouth 
of Savage river to Cumberland, a distance of 31 miles, is 445 feet ; from Cumber- 
land to the Shenandoah Falls, 130 miles, it is 490 feet ; hence to Great Falls, 40 
miles, 39 feet ; and between these and tide-water, 12 miles, 143 feet ; making the 
whole descent from the mouth of Savage river to tide- water, a distance of 213 
miles, 1,117 feet, or, on the average, 5^ feet in each mile. Rising westward of the 
Alleghany Mountains is the Youghiogeny, the only river of Maryland that does 
not empty its waters into Chesapeake Bay : it flows northward through Alleghany 
county, and passing into Pennsylvania, falls into Monongahela river, 18 miles 
s. E. of Pittsburg ; and thence its waters are carried through the Ohio and Missis- 
sippi rivers to the Gulf of Mexico. 

To comprehend the geology of Afaryland,* we must understand the general facts 
as to the structure of the broad plain which skirts the ocean in the middle and south- 
ern states; of the less elevated region lying west of this plain, called sometimes 
the Atlantic slope ; and of the great Apalachian chain, which includes the greatest 
variety of rocks and the most important formations. 

Commencing at the ocean and proceeding westward, we find a low and almost 
level region. This plain extends from New-Jersey through the southern states. 
As the soil composing this plain consists of incoherent materials, which are easily 
washed away, the tide flows across it and forms large estuaries, where it meets the 

* The whole of this article on geologry is taken from the census of Maryland, the less impor 
tant points being omitted or abbreviated. 



8 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 

rivers ^Yhlch flow from the interior. This plain does not now present an unbroken 
surface, but is marked by minor irregularities and undulations, which have been 
due to the action of brooks, creeks, and rain torrents ; still, the general character 
of a broad level is preserved, as it is in the ocean, notwithstanding its surface is 
broken by waves. The portion of the plain lying in Maryland, which is sometimes 
called the tide- water district, embraces nearly one-half of the territory of the state. 
This great region, which once formed the bed of an ancient ocean, and has risen 
by means of those elevatory forces which have acted upon all the continents, con- 
tains beneath its surface unquestioned records of the epochs when its materials 
were deposited. In the strata which compose this plain towards the north, in 
New-Jersey, fossils are found indicating that the strata belong to the cretaceous or 
chalk formation, which occupies in the geological scale the upper part of the 
secondary formation. The cretaceous strata, if they exist in Maryland, are con- 
cealed by the overlying deposits ; but they probably form the floor of these depo- 
sits from New-Jersey to North Carolina, where they again appear at the surface. 
The fossils found in the cliffs and banks of the Atlantic plain, prove that the strata 
which compose it belong principally to the tertiary formation, which lies next 
the chalk.* All the tertiary deposits, with the exception of the pliocene, occur in 
the state. The inclination of the tertiary beds in Maryland is very slight, and 
towards the southeast, so that the Potomac below Washington presents sections of 
each of the divisions, the lower beds rising to the surface as we proceed west. 

The later tertiary or post pliocene, which represents the epochs next antecedent 
to the introduction of the human race, occurs in Maryland only in limited patches. 
The principal one is in St. Mary's county. To this period are referred the nume- 
rous beds of oysters which skirt the low margins of the islets and rivers of Mary- 
land, and which are usually attributed to the agency of the aborigines. The deposit 
in St. Mary's county is interesting, as containing several southern species, and par- 
ticularly the ^natliadon cfineatus, which is now found only in the warmer waters 
of the Gulf oFMexico ; a fact indicating the prevalence in this region of a climate 
like that of Florida, at the period of the formation of this deposit. The miocene 
formation, which underlies the last-named deposits, is the most widely extended 
of the tertiary beds. The principal marl beds are in this formation. It occurs 
near Chestertown, Wye Mills, on Choptank river, near Easton, and at other places 
near the Eastern Shore ; also through the counties of St. Mary's, Calvert, &c. 
Within the miocene, at Piscataway, has been traced a remarkable bed of silieious 
clay, entirely composed of silieious cases (of infusoria) so minute as only to be 
detected by a powerful microscope, yet containing distinct specific characters, en- 
abling us to refer them to the miocene. Of the shells in the miocene deposits in 
this state, about seventeen per cent, have been identified with living species. 
Thus, at this remote period, the peculiar distribution of living mollusca, which 
now exists, had begun to prevail in the region of Maryland, while at this geological 
era the fauna were so distinct from the present, that four-fifths of the species now 
living had not come into existence. 

An abrupt line of demarcation exists between the fossil groups of the miocene 
and eocene, which lies next below the former. Before the deposition of the mio- 
cene beds, some event has occurred, like a sudden fall in the temperature of the 
ocean, which has destroyed every kind of animal life ; for in the miocene deposits 
not a single form of the lower tertiary bed exists, even where the two beds are in 
juxtaposition. The eocene, which towards the ocean has been sunk beneath the 

* By collecting all the fossils contained in any tertiary deposit, and comparing them with 
existing species, the geologist is enabled to classify the deposits into one of three great groups. 
In the lowest deposit or group but few recent species are found. It is thence called the eocene 
or dawn of recent species. The next above contains a minority of recent species, and is 
thence called miocene. Over this occurs a deposit containing a majority of recent species, 
which is called pliocene, and above the last a deposit called the post pliocene. 



GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OT MARYLAND, 



niiocene, rises shortly after passing a line from Fort Washington to Annapolis. 
Of two hundred species of shells found in this formation, not one now exists on the 
coast, or is found in the more recent deposits of the United States, although many 
are identical with the eocene fossils of the Paris basin. A circumstance of much 
economical interest in relation to this formation is the occurrence, in many locali- 
ties of the eocene, of that most valuable fertilizer, the green sand, which occurs in 
the secondary beds of New-Jersey, and has added so much to the agricultural 
"wealth of that state. The decomposed shells, or marl, of the tertiary have con- 
tributed, in scarcely a less degree, to the fertility of the lower counties of Mary- 
land. 

The head of tide water forms the limit of the tertiary. On the western borders 
of this formation, all along the Atlantic coast, all the great rivers descend by foils 
and rapids. At these points the navigation is stopped, and large cities have sprung 
up. Thus the western boundary of the tertiary is a line of great geographical and 
political interest. Proceeding westward from the limit of the tertiary, we find a 
belt of stratified metamorphic, or hypogene rocks, which ranges nearly parallel 
with the Atlantic coast. These rocks include gneiss, micaceous, chloritic, and tal- 
cose slates, and beds of serpentine, granite, and limestone. The v/idth of this belt, 
in Maryland, from its eastern border to the points where its rocks begin to be 
covered unconformably with new red sandstone, is from 20 to 30 miles. This re- 
gion is characterized by hills generally of moderate height, but sometimes rising 
as high as nine hundred feet above mid tide. Their summits are rounded, and 
present a striking contrast to the long, steep, parallel ridges of the Alleghanies. 
The beds of the rivers which pass through this region are in deeply-cleft valleys, 
with rounded or abrupt sides, that afford small tracts of alluvial soil. The general 
inclination of these hypogene rocks is to the southeast, at an angle of about 45° ; 
the direction of the range is northeast and southwest. The principal minerals and 
rocks of economical value in this belt are the gneiss, which forms an excellent and 
indestructible material for ordinary building purposes ; primary limestone, or sac- 
charoidal marble, extensively used for building purposes in Baltimore and Wash- 
ington ; hydrosilicates of magnesia, which furnish a material for the production of 
a large amount of magnesia. The serpentine of Harford county, and the northern 
border of Cecil county, has yielded a large amount of ferroxide of chrome, for 
making pigments and dyes ; titaniated iron, which occurs in gneiss, has been worked 
with success in Harford county. Ores of brown hematite, extensively used in 
Maryland for the manufacture of iron of excellent quality, occur in beds of clay 
and loam, particularly on the borders of the primary limestone within this belt. 

Near Frederick, in passing westward, we perceive that the hypogene rocks begin 
to be covered with unconformable beds of red sandstone. This group of rocks is 
one of the most remarkably uniform in the country, possessing the same charac- 
teristics from the Hudson to North Carolina. It consists of dark reddish brown 
argillaceous sandstones, of crumbly-brown shales and coarse conglomerates. The 
strata dip gently towards the northwest, or towards the mountains. The beds, 
which show themselves along the southeastern edge of the tract, consist mostly of 
coarse sandstones, alternating with red shales. The central parts consist more 
exclusively of brown shales and brown argillaceous sandstone. The uppermost 
beds, or those occurring along the northwestern margin of the formation, have fre- 
quently the character of coarse conglomerates, made up of pebbles derived from a 
great variety of rocks, chiefly those which occur at the base or on the side of the 
adjoining South mountain. The beds of rock on the Potomac, which have fur- 
nished the material from which the columns in the House of Representatives in 
the Capitol at Washington have been constructed, belong to this formation, the 
pebbles and the cementing materials in these beds being of limestone. The few 
fossil fishes and shells found in this formation establish its age to be that of the 
upper new red sandstones of Europe, or the period of the middle ages of geologi- 



10 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 

cal history. To this formation belong the most important localities of copper 
ores in Maryland. Indeed, this formation is the depository of the principal copper 
mines in the United States, the beds containing the copper of Lake Superior being 
now referred to this formation. 

After passing the formation of new red sandstone, which occupies, as we have 
seen, a narrow trough in the hypogene or metamorphic rocks, proceeding west- 
wardly, we approach the first ridge of the Alleganies or the great Apalachian chain, 
A rapid glance at the general features in the structure of the whole chain will en- 
able us to comprehend more fully the portion of the chain which exists in this 
state. This chain, geologically considered, extends from Vermont to Alabama, 
being more than 1,000 miles long, from 50 to 100 miles broad, and varying in 
height from 800 to 4,000 feet. Unlike the great chains of many countries which 
contain a principal central mountain, to which all the minor ranges tend, this sys- 
tem consists of a broad zone of almost innumerable parallel ridges of nearly equal 
parallel height. The characteristic features of the ridges are great length, nairow- 
ness, and steepness, the evenness of their summits, and their remarkable parallel- 
ism; many of them are almost straight for more than 50 miles. This feature, 
combined with their steep slopes and sharp and level summits, gives them the 
appearance, seen in perspective, of so many colossal intrenchments. The first belt 
of the chain, having in a less degree the characteristics above mentioned, is the 
narrow undulating mountain range called, in New-York and New-Jersey, the 
Highlands ; in Pennsylvania, the South Mountain ; in Maryland, the South Moun- 
tain or Blue Ridge — the latter name being applied to the range in Virginia — the Ca- 
toctin mountain, which is the first chain of importance which presents itself in 
Maryland as we proceed west, being a spur of the Blue Ridge. The rocks of this 
belt are, for the most part, of the older metamorphic strata, including gneiss, mica- 
ceous, chloritic, argillaceous and talcose slates, and the Pottsdam sandstone. Such 
is the character of the rocks exposed by the canal and railroad excavations at Har- 
per's Ferry, Immediately northwest of this mountain range is the great Apala- 
chian valley, which ranges from Vermont to Alabama under various local names. 
The portion lying in Maryland is called the Hagerstown valley. The latter, like 
the continuation of the same valley north and south, is principally based upon the 
Trenton limestone, remarkable as containing all the great caverns in the country. 
Beyond this valley to the northwest is a wide belt of long, narrow, parallel ridges 
and included valleys, spreading northwestward to the foot of the great plateau of 
the Alleghany or Cumberland mountain. Tliis belt has a breadth varying from 
thirty to sixty miles. These narrow and parallel ridges consist of strata folded 
into a succession of convex and concave strata, which have been subsequently laid 
open by denudation. They consist of silurian, devonian, and carboniferous forma- 
tions, adopting the terms applied to similar formations in England — the older 
groups, or silurian, lying chiefly along the southeastern flank of the Apalacbians, 
and the carboniferous making their appearance as we proceed west. It is evident 
that these beds, now so much folded and fractured, were originally horizontal, and 
formed continuous deposits with the rocks of the great western coal field. It ap- 
pears that the bending and fracture of the beds is greatest on the Atlantic side of 
the chain, and the strata become less and less disturbed as we proceed towards 
the west. The most important feature in the geology of the Apalachian chain, as 
it exists in Maryland, is the occurrence among its strata of the carboniferous for- 
mation, and its included beds of coal and ores of iron. There are three important 
coal areas within the state; two northwest of the so-called Backbone of the Alle- 
gany mountain ; the northwest, or Youghiogeny field, estimated to contain 250 
square miles ; the middle area, between Negro and Meadow mountains, estimated 
to contain 120 square miles. These fields, lying in the midst of a forest region, 
have not been thoroughly explored. The estimates of their value cannot be much 
relied on. This is of comparatively little importance, as from their location they 



GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 11 

must remain fur a long time undisturbed. The Frostburg, or Cumberland coal 
basin, lies between Davis mountain to the east, and Savage mountain to the west, 
extending within the state twenty miles in length, with an average breadth of four 
and a half miles. The carboniferous strata, composing the coal series, con^i ^ting, 
as elsewhere, of shale, grit, sandstone, limestone, argillaceous iron ore, and coal, 
dip on every side towards the centre of the trough. The successive beds have been 
compared, in shape, to a great number of Indian canoes, placed one within the 
other. The entire thickness of the coa'l measures about 1,500 feet. The present 
surface of the basin is irregular, as it has been intersected by numerous deep 
ravines, formed by streams and rivers. By these means large portions of the beds 
have been swept away. Wherever the beds have been cut off by the intervention 
of a valley, they are seen on the opposite sides at the same level, showing that the 
beds were once continuous. The whole amount of denudation has been estimated 
at 26,250 acres, 86,847 acres or 135 square miles, being the supposed present area 
of the coal. This denudation has given great facility for exploration of the strata 
and working the coal, and saves the large expenditures necessary in other regions 
for draining the mines. The whole quantity of coal may be extracted without the 
use of a shaft. The principal seam has been ten feet in thickness of workable ooal, 
and there are several other workable beds of less thickness ; the whole thickness 
of available coal having been estimated at 45 feet. The data above given, sup- 
posing the whole coal to be accessible, would make the gross amount in this basin 
6,305,137,827 tons, and the available quantity, making the ordinary deductions, 
over four thousand million tons. The analysis of the Cumberland coal shows it to 
be of the kind denominated dry or close burning, or intermediate between the fat 
coal of Pittsburg and the anthracite of Pennsylvania. Experiments prove that 
this coal, in evaporative power, occupies the very highest place among American 
coals. This is further demonstrated by its extensive use in the ocean steamers. 

It will be seen from this rapid sketch, in which, from want of space, many 
interesting details are omitted, that the State of Maryland, in the extended range 
of its geological formations, is favored with one of the most important physical 
elements of prosperity. The same cause has been in a high degree conducive to 
the wealth of England. The tertiary of Maryland has conti'ibuted a soil of easy 
tillage and inexhaustible supplies of the best and cheapest material for enriching 
it. Its incoherent beds have suffered the tide to penetrate far inland, thus giving 
the advantages of the seaboard to the inhabitant of the interior. The metamorpMc 
rocks furnish the best materials for construction near the points where they are 
most needed, and producing water-falls on the rivers at the borders of the Atlantic 
plain, have placed the sites of manufactures near the great water highways. The 
shales and sandstones of the secondary have formed new varieties of soil, and con- 
tributed new material for architecture and metallurgy. To the silurian formation 
is due the broad and fertile valley resting on the Trenton limestone, and to the 
peculiar structure of the Apalaehian chain, the rich glades of the upper mountain 
valleys. Finally, the carboniferous beds supply without limit the minerals most 
essential to commerce and the arts — coal, the indispensable aliment of industry, 
and iron, the instrument with which all wealth is created. 

Kent Island, now forming a portion of Queen Anne county, was the site of the 
first white settlement within the present limits of Maryland. In 1631, William 
Claiborne, with a party of men from Virginia, commenced a colony on the island. 
But the charter under which Maryland was permanently established was granted 
to Cecilius Calvert, second Lord Baltimore, by Charles I., and bears date 20th 
June, 1632. The province covered by this grant, however, had been partially 
explored by Sir George Calvert, the father of the grantee, four years previously. 
The name. Terra Maria or Mary's land, was given it in honor of Henrietta Maria, 
queen of the reigning monarch. The " Ark" and the " Dove," the two vessels de- 
signed to convey the emigrants, about 200 in all and chiefly Roman Catholics, to 



12 GENERAL AOCOUKT OF THE STATE OF MAR'/LAVD. 



the future settlement, sailed from the Isle of Wight on the 22d November, 1G33. 
These were landed on tde island of St. Clement on the 25th March, 1634, and im- 
mediately took possession of the country with religious solemnities. On the 27th 
they commenced a settlement on the main land, at St. Mary's, and this is counted 
the date of the foundation of the colony. 

The chief design and motive of these colonists was to secure to all who might 
be inclined to emigrate a refuge from religious persecution. They considered 
themselves, and have been generally denominated by historians, fugitives from 
ecclesiastical tyranny, and bear in their own annals the honorable title of " Pil- 
grims of St. Mary's." 

The first governor of the country was Leonard Calvert. Shortly after landing 
he directed his attention to Claiborne's settlement on Kent Island, and notified that 
indomitable pioneer that he must henceforth consider himself a subject of the Pro- 
prietary. Claiborne refused compliance, and after some hard fighting, both be 
and his followers were banished from the colony. Beyond this nothing, if we ex- 
cept slight Indian disturbances, distracted for many years the repose of the set- 
tlers. The first legislature was convened in 1639, and adopted many Mise and 
useful lavvs. The county of St. Mary's had been previously organized, but no 
other political subdivisions existed but " Hundreds." A county court for this 
county was now established, and local jurisdictions for the several hundreds. 
Tobacco had already become so important a staple that it was thought expedient 
to tax its exportation as a source of revenue. Provision was also made for build- 
mg a water-mill for the use of the people, and also for erecting a '' towne-house." 

The great revolution in England now began. The Proprietary was a Catholic 
and an adherent of the king. A congregation of Puritans, expelled from Virginia 
as non-conformists, had settled in Maryland about 1042, and now, believing the 
time eligible, became the nucleus of a powerful opposition to the monarchical and 
Catholic party. Claiborne also returned from his exile and regained possession of 
Kent Island, and eventually, in conjunction with the Puritans, compelled the 
legal governor to fly into Virginia, and took possession of the province. This 
event was almost cotemporary with the triumph of the parliament in England, 
with which party the opponents of the colonial government in Maryland seem to 
have been identified. In 1646, however, Calvert returned from Virginia at the 
head of a military force and recovered possession of the government, and having 
restored order, died in 1647. 

In 1649 the assembly passed that noble act of religious toleration that has placed 
Maryland so far above her sister colonies, and which threw the mantle of charity 
over all, and in the benefits of which the Catholic, Quaker and Puritan participated ; 
for all had experienced the rigors of persecution. The colony truly became the 
"Land of the Sanctuary," and by this act all sects and denominations of Chris- 
tians were secured in the public profession of their faith and in the exercise of 
their religion according to the dictates of their consciences. " Far even in advance 
of the toleration of the present day," says a recent historian, " was the liberty of 
conscience of early Maryland in this respect; for it protected the feelings as well 
as the rights and interests of the citizens." 

The Puritans, whose arrival from Virginia has heretofore been noticed, with 
Richard Bennet as the leader, settled at Providence, which at a later period re- 
ceived the name of Annapolis, and became the seat of government. They de- 
murred to some of the regulations of the then government, and in consequence, to 
conciliate them, their settlements were erected into a separate county under the 
name of Anne Arundel ; and still, additional numbers of this denomination 
arriving from England, Charles county was organized for them shortly afterwards. 
They now began to exercise an important and even controlling influence in public 
affairs. On the overthrow of royalty their party insisted on the immediate ac- 
knowledgment of the commonwealth ; but so far from conforming to the political 



GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE' OF MARYLAND. 13 

necessities of the times, the authorities representing the Lord Proprietary took an 
opposite course, and prockiimed Charles II. the rightful sovereign. In the assem- 
bly that met next after the death of the king, it was ft)und that the supporters 
of the commonwealth were in the majority. In 1652 commissioners from England 
visited Marylaud, with whom were associated Claiborne and Bennet. They re- 
moved Governor Stone, the representative of Lord Baltimore, and completely 
established the authority of Cromwell. Kent Island was once more delivered up 
to Claiborne, and he acquired in addition Palmer Island, at the mouth of the Sus- 
quehanna. The power of the Proprietary was thus for a time entirely suspended. 
Richard Bennet was removed only from Maryland to be made Governor of Vir- 
ginia, and Claiborne was appointed secretary under him. 

In 1654: Lord Baltimore made an effort to regain possession of the colony and 
to restore his authority. lie succeeded, and restored Governor Stone ; but with 
characteristic promptitude Bennet and Claiborne returned to Maryland, deposed 
the governor, reversed all the proceedings of Lord Baltimore and his agents, and 
established a commission for the government of the colony, placing Captain Wil- 
liam Fuller at its head. Hereupon commenced a contest which had all the charac- 
teristics of civil war. Under renewed instructions. Stone, in 1655, made a deter- 
mined effort to restore the Proprietary government, and hostilities were carried on 
by land and water. St. Mary's was the nominal capital and the focus of the 
royalists; while the actual possessors of power considered Providence as the seat 
of lawful authority, and there or in its vicinity was concentrated the strength of 
their party. A small detachment of Governor Stone's force captured from their 
opponents the records of the province and a magazine of arms and ammunition ; 
and at length, with his whole force, Stone proceeded to Providence and made an 
attack on the Puritans, whom they found prepared to receive them near that 
place. A battle ensued, in which the latter were completely victorious. The vic- 
tors treated their conquered enemies as traitors and rebels, and many of them, 
including Governor Stone, were condemned to death, and at least four of them 
were executed in pursuance of the sentence. The governor and his council were 
spared only at the intercession of the victorious soldiery themselves. This deci- 
sive action was fought 25th March, 1055. After three years of civil commotion, 
during most of which time the Puritans governed the colony, the power of the 
Proprietary was restored, and his brother, Philip Calvert, was appointed governor. 
William Claiborne, who had so perseveringly contended for his rights as settler 
and proprietor of Kent Island, retired to Virginia, where he established a county 
called New Kent, and represented it in the assembly in 1666. 

In 1660, twenty six years from the foundation of the colony, the population of 
Maryland was about 1*2.000; in 16(55 it was 16,000, and in 1(571 it had increased 
to 20,000. The extension of political organization had kept pace with population. 
Up to this period seven counties had been founded, but there were no considerable 
towns. St. Mary's and Providence were still small villages. Importations sup- 
plied the place of domestic manufactures, except such as were made in the families 
of the settlers. 

f The period of the introd\iction of slavery into Maryland has not been fixed with ex- 
actness ; but it was probaljly nearly cotemporaneous with the foundation of the col- 
ony, and it is even thought that Claiborne had negro servants with him on his first 
settlement on Kent Island. It is a well-ascertained fact that slaves were brought 
into Virginia by a Dutch ship as early as 1620. Mention of negro slaves is first 
made in the laws of Maryland in 1663 ; but there can be little doubt that the 
allusions in previous statutes to slaves without the prefix, referred to the African 
or his descendant. In 1671 an act was passed to encourage their importation. 
There was, however, another class of servants called RedemjHlonists, emigrants 
from Europe who had pledged their services for certain terms of years, in order 
to procure the means of transportion to the New World. Their time was sold at 



14 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 

public auction. Baltimore seems to have been tiie port to which this class chiefly 
came, and they afterwards formed a numerous and respectable class of citizens. 

Philip Calvert was superseded in 1(502, as governor, by Charles, son of the 
Lord Proprietary, who acted in that capacity until 1675, wheii, upon the death of 
his father, he succeeded to his rights, and appointed Thomas T^Totely as his repre- 
sentative. On the occurrence of the Revolution, 1088, the government of Mary- 
land, by the desire of the Protestant inhabitants, was assumed by King William, 
and ig 169 1 Sir Leonel Copley was appointed governor. Among the first acts of 
the new government was the removal of the capital from St. Mary's to Provi- 
dence, thence-after known as Annapolis. 

The first post route in the colony was established in 1695, and extended from 
the Potomac through Annapolis to Philadelphia. The mail carrier was required 
to traverse it eight times a year, for which services he received £50 sterling annu- 
ally. Contrast this period with the present facilities of the state. The solitary 
route of 1695 had been multiplied in 1850 to one hundred and four, the combined 
length of which was 2,435 miles, and the total amount of annual transportation 
1,010,450 miles ; and the line of conveyance on which the mail was then carried 
eight times a year is now traversed twice a day. 

The government was again restored to the family of the Proprietary in 1715, 
having since 1691 been administered by governors holding under the king's ap- 
pointment. At this period the population was estimated at 30,000, a fact which 
conclusively shows that the ratio of increase was much less since than before the 
census taken in 1071. The prosperity of the colony had been checked by the 
almost exclusive occupation of the farmers and planters in raising tobacco to the 
neglect of those crops upon which they ought to have relied for food ; nor is it 
surprising that years of scarcity and great consequent distress occurred. -In 1694 
and 1695, a destructive disease broke out among the stock of the farmers, and 
25,429 cattle and 62,375 hogs perished, i hi so small a community the loss of 
such an amount of property must have been seriously felt. 

Before 1697, the colonists had been without manufactures of their own, but in 
that year an effort was initiated in Somerset and Dorchester counties to make 
woolen and linen cloths. Every attempt of this kind, however, was closely 
watched by the English government, which desired to compel them to consume 
the manufactures of England as a source of profit to its own people, or means of 
securing their dependence upon them. These efforts to supply a domestic manu- 
facture, therefore, either failed at once or languished out a sickly existence. 

In 1714, Charles, Lord Baltimore, the hereditary Proprietary, died at the age 
of 84. His son, Benedict Leonard Calvert, succeeded to the province, but lived 
only long enough to have his rights acknowledged. He died in April, 1715. The 
principal obstacle to the recognition of the claim of this family was now removed, 
for the young heir had been educated a Protestant. In 1715, therefore, the au- 
thority of the Proprietary was restored throughout the colony, and a commis- 
sion in his name was issued to Hart, the last of the governors appointed by the 
king. From this period until the breaking out of the French war in 1753, the 
history of Maryland is not marked by any great event. Its local annals are filled 
with relations of contentions between the Proprietary and the people : the one 
struggling to maintain his hereditary privileges, and the other to establish their 
liberties. In all these struggles are discernil)le the germs of the Revolution of 
1776. For fifly years the Six Nations of Indians had maintained a claim to lands 
west of the Susquehanna, in Maryland, which at times had given rise to disturb- 
ances. These claims were extinguished in 1744, by the payment on the part of 
Maryland of £300 current money of the province. The cession was arranged at 
a treaty held between the representatives and the commissioners of Maryland, 
Virginia and Pennsylvania, at Lancaster. 

The building of towns and cities was a favorite pursuit in the early times of 



GENERAL ACCOUNT OP THK STATE OF MARYLAND. 15 

Maryland history, as it has been in most other parts of the country in later days. 
A large number was chartered by acts of the assembly, which never attained a 
growth to satisfy the hopes of their projectors. Baltimore was laid out in 1729 
on the lands of Charles Carroll, and was extended in 1732 by the addition of the 
city plot of lands belonging to Edward Fell, whence the name of Fell's Point applied 
to that part of the city. Annapolis continued to increase. It is an evidence of 
its advancement that in 1745, the first and for a long time the only newspaper 
printed in Maryland was established there. It was called the "Maryland Gazette," 
and was commenced by Thomas Green, official printer to the province. It con- 
tinued to be published until 1839 by the descendants of its founder. A printing- 
press, however, had been set up at Annapolis some forty years before this, for 
printing the laws and public documents. Frederick, the next largest and most 
important town in Maryland after Baltimore, was founded in 1745, and was named 
after Frederick, son of Charles, Lord Baltimore. It was made the county town on 
the formation of the county of Frederick in 1748. Georgetown, now in the Dis- 
trict of Columbia, was laid out on a plot of sixty acres in 1751 ; and being a port 
of deposit for the produce of a large and fertile district of country and the head 
of navigation in the Potomac, it grew rapidly in population and trade. 

In 1740, Maryland contributed 500 volunteers and £7,500 to the disastrous ex- 
pedition against the Spanish Main, A noble fleet, consisting of nearly 100 ves- 
sels, including 30 ships of the line, commanded by Admiral Vernon, and an army 
of 12,000 men under General Wentworth, assembled at Jamaica in 1741. With 
this imposing force a descent was made on Cartagena, which was rendered abortive, 
rather by the malignity of the climate than the prowess of the enemy. It was cal- 
culated that nine out of ten of these levies perished in this most disastrous expe- 
dition. The province, in 1748, contained about 130,000 inhabitants, of which 
94,000 were white and 36,000 colored persons. Eight years later, the number of 
inhabitants was computed at 154,188, exhibiting the very satisfactory increase of 
24,188, or about 18.6 per centum in eight years. 

The development of the resources of the province had perhaps hardly kept pace 
with this advancement of population. The policy of England continued to be 
rigorous in the discouragement of domestic manufactures, and its repressive mea- 
sures were not without effect. Meanwhile, the legislature of the province offered 
bounties in land for the erection of flour mills, iron furnaces and forges, and other 
works of industry, and its efforts succeeded to a considerable extent. In 1749 
there were in the colony eight furnaces and nine forges. In 1742, copper works 
were in operation. The great staple export, however, was tobacco. In 1747, 
5,000 hogsheads were exported. For many purposes tobacco was the currency of 
the province, and in certain years, the great depression in the price of this article 
drew out the specie of the colony to meet the balance accruing in its foreign trade. 
The government sought to remedy this evil by an issue of bills of credit, w^hich 
experiment of course proved unavailing. In 1732, tobacco was made a legal tender 
at one penny per pound, and Indian corn at 20 pence a bushel ; but the issue of 
paper money continued, even after this expedient, to supply the place of a safe 
and convenient currency. 

The boundary disputes of Maryland with the adjoioing provinces have become 
somewhat famous among controversies of that kind among us ; the most celebrated 
was that which concerned her northern and part of her eastern frontier, and which 
resulted in the establishment of "Mason and Dixon's Line." This dispute had an 
even date almost with the original grant to Lord Baltimore. His grant, it was 
contended, covered all the territory bordering the Atlantic and Delaware Bay, be- 
tween 38^ and 40° N. lat., including the whole of the present State of Delaware 
and a considerable strip of Pennsylvania ; but this portion of his grant was at the 
time occupied by settlements of the Swedes, who were subsequently conquered by 
the Dutch. After the latter were dispossessed, the territory wrested from them 



16 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 

was conferred by a special grant from the Duke of York, in 1782, upon William 
Penn. A decree was obtained in 1685 by Penn, confirming to him the bounda- 
ries nam.ed in his grant; but the Proprietary of Maryland refused to submit, and 
from this time to 1732, the dispute was the cause of almost ceaseless litigation 
between the Proprietaries of the two colonies, and of violence and outrage on the 
border. At length, in consequence of a decree in chancery in favor of the heirs ol 
William Penn, granted in 1750, commissioners were appointed to determine and 
mark the line mentioned in the decree of 1685, The " scientific gentlemen" em- 
ployed in this important service, probably the chief surveyors, were Messrs. Mason 
and Dixon, from whom this celebrated boundary received its name. They began 
at the angle formed by the intersection of the boundary line between Delaware 
and Maryland with that between Pennsylvania and Maryland, and proceeded 
westward 130 miles, when their operations were suspended by fear of hostilities 
from the Indians. At the end of every mile they set up a stone, with the letter 
"P" and the arms of the Penns engraved on the north side, and " M," with the 
escutcheon of Lord Baltimore, on the south. In 1782-3, a continuation was made 
of " Mason and Dixon's line" to its western terminus ; this, however, was looked 
upon as a mere temporary arrangement, and the controversies and recriminations 
continued ; and complaints were made to the Governor of Virginia, who appealed 
to the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania to come into some arrange- 
ment to effect a permanent and acknowledged boundary, " For this desirable 
purpose, each state selected the best and most suitable men within its reach, so 
that their work when completed would merit and receive entire confidence in its 
accuracy," The commissioners on the part of Pennsylvania were David Ritten- 
house, John Ewing and Captain Hutchins; those on the part of Virginia were An- 
drew Ellicott, Rev. James Madison, Rev, Robert Andrews and T. Page. They 
performed the duty assigned them in the fall of 1784. The line having been thus 
carried to its western terminus, it only remained to run a meridian line from that 
point to the Ohio river to close this long-protracted controversy. This task was 
committed to Messrs, Rittenhouse and Porter on the part of Pennsylvania, and 
Andrew Ellicott and Joseph Neville on that of Virginia, They entered on their 
work in May, 1785, and on the 23d August they had made a final report, locating 
the western boundary of Pennsylvania, as now acknowledged, from the south- 
western corner of the state to the Ohio river ; for Virginia had no special interest 
in extending the line further north, having finally relinquished in favor of the 
general government her claims to territory north and west of the Ohio the year 
before. 

In the contest which annihilated French dominion in America, Maryland bore a 
gallant part. Braddock's unfortunate expedition against Fort Duquesne was or- 
ganized in this province, and marched from Frederick in the spring of 1754. After 
the defeat and death of this general, a fearful panic pervaded the frontier region 
of all the Middle States, and extended in Maryland even to the Bay Shore. Num- 
bers of the inhabitants fled to Baltimore, and even prepared to leave the country 
altogether. From this time until the capture of Fort Duquesne in 1758, the west- 
ern part of Maryland was kept in constant terror, and of course the incidents of the 
war fully occupied the attention of the people and the public authorities. The pro- 
gress of population during these years of Indian warfare was necessarily slow. The 
inhabitants in 1761 numbered 164,007, of whom 114,332 were whites, and 49,675 
slaves, showing an increase for five years following 1756 of somewhat less than 
10,000. The relative increase was but little over half as great as that of the pre- 
ceding five years. The extension of settlements towards the west was also sus- 
pended during the war. 

From the conclusion of the French war until the commencement of the Revolu- 
tion, the history of Maryland, like that of most of the other colonies, is a narrative 
of usurpations upon public liberty attempted by the royal government and resisted 



GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 17 

by the people. In 1765, the stamp act, and afterwards the tea tax, excited general 
indignation and hostility. The most violent opponents of these measures took 
the name of " Sons of Liberty," As the contest drew towards the issue which 
had been inevitable from the beginning, the Proprietary government fell, as a 
matter of course, giving place to local and general committees of safety, and to 
conventions assembled in the name of the people, to supply the want of a more 
regular authority. The war, which had been long expected, and for which great 
preparations were made, commenced with the desultory fight at Lexington, 19th 
April, 1775. 

The Revolution having now fairly commenced, elections were held throughout 
the province in August, 1776, for delegates to a convention to frame a constitution 
and state government. This body assembled August 14th, and by the 10th Sep- 
tember a Bill of Rights and a Constitution were reported. On the 3d November 
the constitution was adopted in convention, and elections ordered to carry it into 
effect. The system of government established by this first constitution of Mary- 
land was republican, and as nearly democratic as the state of public opinion at 
that day, and the circumstances under which it was adopted, gave reason to expect. 
It was divided into three departments — the executive, represented by a governor 
and executive council of five members ; the legislative, consisting of a Senate and 
House of Delegates ; and the judicial, composed of the general court, or court of 
chancery, the court of appeals, and a court of admiralty. The right to vote at 
elections was limited by a property qualification. The House of Delegates was 
to consist of members chosen directly by the people ; but the Senate, composed 
of fifteen members, nine from the Eastern and six from the Western Shore, was 
to be appointed by electors designated for that purpose by the people. Members 
of the first-named bi'anch were required to own property to the amount of £500, 
and senators were required to be at least twenty-five years of age, and be pos- 
sessed of property to the value of £1,000. 

The elections took place in November, as provided for in the constitution, and 
the legislature convened at Annapolis on the 5th February, 1777. The meeting 
took place five days earlier than appointed by the constitution, from the necessity 
of raising additional troops to reinforce Washington's army. Laws were promptly 
passed providing for new levies and the supplies needful to equip and subsist the 
troops. On the 13th February, Thomas Johnson was chosen first constitutional 
governor of Maryland. 

Throughout the Revolutionary War the services of the Maryland troops were 
marked by gallantry and efficiency. In the first considerable action after that of 
Bunker's Hill, the "Maryland line" signalized its valor, and took a high position 
among the several corps of the continental army. They were under the command 
of Col. Wm. Smallwood, who afterwards became a major-general and one of the 
most distinguished officers whose achievements in the struggle illustrate the 
bravery of his native state. In the battle of Long Island, and in those of Harlem 
Heights, White Plains, and Fort Washington, the Maryland regiments were con- 
spicuous for their courage and discipline ; nor were they less so in the memorable 
actions at Trenton and Princeton. With the exception of actions in the campaign 
against Burgoyne, indeed, there was no prominent battle of the war, from Brook- 
lyn Heights to Yorktown, in which the Marylanders did not take an active and 
honorable part ; and under every commander — Washington, La Fayette, DeKalb 
and Greene — they earned special notice and applause for gallantry and good con- 
duct. The number of troops furnished by Maryland during the war was 15,229 
regulars, and 5,407 militia ; and the expenditures of the state amounted to 
17,508,145 in specie, a large portion of which was raised by the sale of confiscated 
British property within the state. 

In Maryland, as in most of the other colonies, there existed at the commence- 
ment of the Revolution dissensions among the people, which impeded'the pro- 



18 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 

gress of the patriotic cause. A small minority of the people still clung to the sen- 
timents of loyalty to their king, and affectionate dependence on the mother coun- 
try. At the beginning of the struggle there was found to be a formidable party, 
in the lower counties of the Eastern Shore, bitterly opposed to all measures re- 
sisting the royal authority, and among this class Lord Dunmore, lately expelled 
from V^irginia, of which he had been governor, employed agents to organize seve- 
ral companies for the service of the king. After these attempts had been sup- 
pressed, Dunmore continued to carry on, with the co-operation of the " tories" of 
the Bay Shore, a harassing system of maritime depredations. In order to repel 
these predatory expeditions, a small, but efficient, naval force was organized by 
the state, which rendered good service. In 1781, a conspiracy for raising a do- 
mestic insurrection was detected and frustrated in Frederick county, and several 
of the leaders were hanged in the court-house yard. The last acts of a warlike 
nature which marked, in Maryland, the close of the contest, were the outrages of 
the tories and refugees upon the defenceless inhabitants of the towns and settle- 
ments along the shores, after the surrender of Yorktown. These ffee-booters 
were driven off, with the aid of boats and barges from the French fleet, still lying 
at Norfolk or Yorktown. On the 23d Dec, 1783, the brilliant drama of the 
Revolution was closed by Washington's resignation of his commission. This 
event took place at Annapolis, in the presence of Congress, the state legislature, 
many officers who had served through the war, and a crowd of deeply-interested 
spectators. The ceremony constitutes a scene in our history, second in solemnity 
and importance only to the reading of the Declaration of Independence. 

The war being at an end, the legislature of Maryland tendered to Congress, in 
case that body should decide to remove the seat of government to Annapolis, the 
use of the State-House, the Public Square, the Governor's house as a residence 
for the president of that body ; thirteen dwelling-houses, corresponding with the 
number of the states, for the accommodation of the delegates, and a full jurisdic- 
tion over the city and people of Annapolis. Congress accepted the invitation to 
repair to Annapolis, and adjourned thither from Princeton, but declined to locate 
the capital of the Confederacy at that place. This question was finally arranged 
in 1790, after the adoption of the present constitution, when Messrs. Johnson, 
Stewart and Carroll, wei-e appointed commissioners to lay out the portion of the 
Federal district ceded by Maryland. 

On the return of peace, public attention was directed towards the means of ren- 
dering available for use the vast natural resources of the state, and in particular 
towards the opening of a cheap, easy, and expeditious route of travel between 
the Atlantic and the rapidly-spreading settlements of the west. To attain this 
object a meeting of commissioners, appointed by Maryland and Virginia, was 
held in 1789 at Annapolis. The measures suggested on this occasion were prac- 
tical, and well-suited to the object. It was proposed that the two states should 
unite their efforts to render the Potomac river navigable, by means of locks and 
dams, and that, to connect its head waters with those of the Ohio, a road should 
be constructed some forty miles in length. On the recommendations of the dele- 
gates a company was chartered, called the Potomac Company, and Gen. Wash- 
ington became its first President. Something was done to carry the designs into 
effect, but its complete accomplishment was reserved for a period when the popu- 
lation and capital of the country were more comiBensurate with the magnitude 
of the enterprise. 

It had now become necessary to conform the regulation of church affairs in the 
United States to their altered condition. The Roman Catholics of Maryland had 
been under the jurisdiction of a Vicar, appointed by the bishop of the Roman church 
in London ; but in pursuance of a request of the clergy of the state, in 1787 the 
Rev. John Carroll became, by appointment from Rome, spiritual superior. In 
1790 he was appointed bishop of the whole United States, as the diocese of 



GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 19 

■whicli Baltimore was the centre was the only one then existing. In 1810, on the 
division of his see into several bishoprics, he was made an archbishop. The re- 
organization of the other religious bodies is not so peculiarly connected with the 
history of Maryland as that of the Roman Catholic denomination, and is therefore 
passed over in this connection. 

The Federal Constitution was readily and heartily adopted by Maryland. The 
Convention that accepted it on the part of the state, met on the 21st April, 1788, 
and adjourned on the 28th, having agreed to the instrument, without reservation 
or amendment, by a vote of 63 to 11. 

From this period to the war of 1812, the history of Maryland presents nothing 
calling for special notice. During that war Admiral Cockburn, commanding the 
British naval forces, committed on the shores of Chesapeake Bay a series of wan- 
ton outrages against the property and persons of the citizens. In the spring of 
1 813 t he villages of Frenchtown, Havre de Grace, Fredericktown and George- 
town, were plundered and burnt by his orders, and in August, 1814, occurred the 
expedition of Gener al Ross again st the city of Washington. Cockburn. since the 
opening of the preceding year, had been cruizing about the bay and the mouth of 
the Potomac, with four ships of the line and six frigates; in the course of the 
summer he was largely rein forced, and in August a landing was effected at Bene- 
dict, on the Patuxent, some thirty-fi ve miles south-east of Washington. The land 
force was under the command of General Ross, and was 5,000 strong. It pro- 
ceeded toward s Washi ngton ; the militia_of Maryland and of the District assem- 
bled under General Winder, to oppose their march ; but the Americans were in 
no condition to resist their numerous and well-disciplined enemies. The army 
retired to Bladensburg, and was reinforced by Gen. Stansbury, with 2,100 Mary- 
land troops, including the sailors and marines of Commodore Barney. At this 
point it was resolved to risk an action in defence of the national capital. The re- 
sult of the conflict that ensued was not fortunate to the American arras. The 
British gained a complete victory, though at a cost of life much greater than the 
loss sustained by the Americans. The victors marched on to Washington, oc- 
cupied the city as long as they thought advisable, and then returned to their ship- 
ping at Benedict. • They, however, sullied the laurels which their daring and suc- 
cessful expedition might have gained for them, by an act of Vandalic barbarism, to 
■which the annals of modern warfare among civilized nations hardly furnishes a paral- 
lel. While in secure possession of the seat of government, they burnt and destroyed 
the Capitol, the President's house, the offices of the Treasury, War and Navy, all 
the national records accessible to them, the public library, and other property 
belonging to the public and individuals. Their loss in this expedition is said to 
have been four hundred in killed and wounded, and five hundred prisoners. At 
nearly the same time Alexandria was occupied and plundered, or laid under trib- 
ute. The remaining principal incidents of the war particularly belonging to the 
history of Maryland, are the battle of North Point and the defence of Baltimore. 
The British forces engaged at North Point numbered 5,000, and were under Gen. 
Ross. He was killed in a skirmish between parties of the advance, immediately 
before the battle. The Americans were commanded by Gen. Striker, who had 
under his command 3,200 men. The result of the engagement was unfovorable 
to the invaders, though the American general judged it prudent to retire towards 
Baltimore, The British lost about 400 men, and the Americans about half that 
number. The battle of North Point was fought 13th September, 1814. On the 
evening of next day the enemy commenced a bombardment of Fort McHenry, the 
work chiefly relied upon for the defence of the city. The attack was gallantly 
repelled, and the failure of the operations during the night, which were conducted 
by land and water, was so complete that a day or two after the land forces were 
taken on board the shipping, and all attempts against Baltimore were finally 



20 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 

abandoned. On the IGth of the month the hostile fleet was seen standing down 
the bay. 

Among other objects of importance, which occupied the attention of the legis- 
lature, was the establishment of a general and efficient system of public educa- 
tion. A fund was provided by an act of 1812, derived from bonuses upon bank 
charters, yielding 120,000 annually, to be divided among the counties, and to be 
applied to educational purposes. In 1825 the system was permanently arranged, 
with great and judicious minuteness of detail. When the surplus revenue was 
distributed among the states, after the payment of the public debt, Maryland ap- 
propriated $600,000 of the amount received by her, for the benefit of the schools ; 
the interest of which, with the former funds and new contributions from the 
banks, increased the annual amount disbursed by the state treasury for school 
purposes, to 865,031. The good effects of the system thus established are every- 
where perceptible, in the improving intelligence of the people. 

The extraordinary abundance of useful minerals in Maryland, continually 
urged upon the attention of her citizens the necessity of some more efficient plan for 
the prosecution of works of public improvement than had hitherto been adopted : 
easy and rapid communication from the seaboard to the coal mines in the moun- 
tains, and the vast deposits of iron ore in various parts of the state, was found to 
be indispensable to its prosperity. It had long become apparent that the method 
of rendering the Potomac river navigable, proposed by the Potomac company, 
was impracticable, or, at least, quite inadequate to the greatness of the object 
contemplated. It necessarily, therefore, gave place to a much greater and more 
expensive work. A design was formed for the construction of a canal through 
the valley of the Potomac to its head, and thence to the Ohio river ; and it was 
proposed that the Potomac company should transfer its powers and privileges to a 
new corporation, to be formed, for the execution of the more enlarged schemes. 
The legislature of Maryland approved of the design, and a convention was called 
at Washington city, to consist of delegates representing the counties most inter- 
ested of Pennsylvania, Virginia and Maryland. It assembled 6th November, 

1823, and was attended by representatives from all the above states, and from 
the cities of the District. It was determined at this convention that the best 
mode of effecting the objects in view, was to form a company for the construction 
of a canal from tide-water to the coal mines on the east side of the Alleghanies, 
and from that point, as soon as practicable, to the navigable waters of the Mo- 
nongahela river, on the opposite side of the mountains. As it was expected that 
this great work would be carried through by the combined exertions of the Gene- 
ral Government, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, the name of " Union 
Canal" was suggested for it ; but it finally received the designation it now bears, 
namely, the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. Virginia passed an act 27th January, 

1824, incorporating the company by which the work was to be accomplished ; 
which was confirmed by Congress and the states of Maryland and Pennsylvania. 
Maryland claimed the privilege of constructing a lateral canal from the termin- 
ation of the main line through the District to Baltimore, which was conceded to 
her. Another convention took place at Washington, at which the charter, pro- 
vided in the act of incorporation, was accepted. The required amount of stock 
having been subscribed, the company was organized in June, 1828. The general 
government subscribed for 10,000 shares of stock, the District cities for 15,000, 
the state of Virginia for 770, making, with the individual subscriptions, 36,089 
shares, representing a capital of $3,608,900. The estimate of the expense of 
making a canal from Washington to Cumberland, forty feet wide at top, twenty- 
eight feet at bottom, and four feet deep, was $4,000,000. Before the commence- 
ment of actual operations these dimensions were increased to six feet in depth, 
and in width between 50 and 60 feet. 

In 1827 measures were taken to secure the building of a rail-road from Balti- 



GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 21 

more to Cumberland, as a means of preventing a diversion of trade by the canal 
to the cities of the District. The state favored this project, and subscribed for 
5,000 shares of its stock, and the enterprise was begun. There was a long legal 
contest between the rail-road and canal companies, as to the right of each to the 
track along the Potomac, which impeded the progress of the two works, but was 
settled, at length, by a compromise. Many other improvements were now projected. 
Rail-roads were undertaken from Baltimore to York, Pa., (Baltimore and Susque- 
hanna Rail-road, 57 miles in length;) from Baltimore to Washington, (Washing- 
ton Branch Rail-road, 40 miles in length,) with a lateral branch to Annapolis ; 
(Annapolis and Elkridge Rail-road, 21 miles in length ;) and many others of a 
less practical character, were proposed and discussed. Some of them received 
the patronage of the state, and hence a large public debt was rapidly accumulated. 
By the time the great canal had been completed to Harper's Ferry, the means 
which had been provided at its commencement failed, and from the refusal of the 
Federal Government and of Virginia to extend further aid to the work, it became 
evident that the whole burden of its completion would devolve upon Maryland. 
Not appalled by these difficulties the task was assumed by the latter state, and a 
convention was called to meet at Baltimore, in December, 1834. At this meeting 
a memorial was adopted, requesting the legislature to advance $2,000,000 for 
finishing the canal, and $1,000,000 for the Baltimore and Susquehanna Rail-road. 
The legislature complied, and $3,000,000 six per cent, bonds were directed to be 
issued, the tolls of the works being pledged for the interest. Still the means 
were inadequate, and the legislature was again appealed to in 1835. Again the 
credit of the state was extended to works believed to be essential to the general 
prosperity, and a bill was passed authorizing the issue of bonds to the amount of 
$8,000,000 ; of this immense sum $3,000,000 were to be applied to the Chesa- 
peake and Ohio Canal, $3,000,000 to the Baltimore and Ohio Rail-road, $500,000 
to the Cross-Cut Canal, from the Potomac at Washington, to Baltimore ; $500,000 
to the Annapolis and Potomac Canal, and $1,000,000 to the Eastern Shore 
Rail-road. The act required that the bonds should be sold at a premium of 20 
per centum, the amount of which should be invested as a sinking fund for the 
redemption of the principal. They could not be sold at this rate, and the portion 
applicable to the completion of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, and the Balti- 
more and Ohio Rail-road, was transferred to those companies. The bonds which 
were thus issued to the Canal company, were afterwards exchanged by the state 
for $3,200,000 in 5 per centum sterling bonds. In 1838, a further subscription of 
$1,375,000, in 5 per centum bonds, was authorized. The proceeds of this loan 
were exhausted without completing the work, and the legislature refused further 
subscriptions, its interest in the canal having now been increased to the sum of 
$7,197,000, and the total debt in 1839 had reached the startling sum of 
$10,050,000 ; of which $3,200,000 remained in the possession of the Rail-road 
company, undisposed of. The immense responsibilities thus undertaken by the 
state caused no general alarm, so long as the several companies were in a condi- 
tion to meet the demands upon them for interest ; but in 1840 the Canal com- 
pany, and several others less heavily indebted, announced their inability to pay, 
and thence commenced the direct liability of the state for an annual amount far 
greater than the whole of her ordinary revenues. The deficit, 1st December, 
1840, was $556,387. No provision for the payment of the interest was made at 
the following regular session of the legislature : various schemes, however, were 
suggested for relief in the premises, one of which was the sequestration of the 
school fund to the payment of the interest, but nothing was determined. Direct 
taxation was admitted to be the only reliable resource ; and at an extra session 
in 1841 a bill was passed imposing a tax of 20 cents on each $100 of property as- 
sessed, which rate was afterwards increased to 25 cents, and the State Treasurer 
was directed to borrow $500,000 to meet the interest accruing before the coUec- 



22 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 

tions under the law could be made. This law created much discontent, especially 
in counties not directly interested in the works on which so much money had 
been expended ; and for the years subsequent the financial conditif»n of the state 
was in a most deplorable condition. At length, however, public seiitiment for the 
credit of the state was fully aroused, and became unanimous that effectual exer- 
tions must be made to sustain the public faith. The legislature that assembled in 
December, 1844, resolved to take all needful measures to this end; not only 
were means taken to meet the interest on the debt, biit the liens of the state upon 
the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal were released, so far as to enable that company 
to borrow 81, 700,000 still required for its completion. After a series of difficult 
negotiations the money was raised, and the canal has now been brought to a com- 
pletion. The rail-road had been previously carried forward as far as Cumberland, 
and energetic measures are now being applied for carrying it forward to its ter- 
minus on the Ohio river, which will probably be effected early in 1853. The 
measures adopted at the session of 1844-^5 gradually commended themselves to 
public favor. The counties which had fallen into arrears hastened to pay them 
into the treasury ; and every year the receipts were more than sufficient to pay 
the current expenses ; at length all arrears due to creditors were funded, and on 
the 1st January, 1848, after seven years' suspension of the full discharge of its 
obligations, though at all times recognizing their validity, the state resumed the 
payment on its whole debt. 

From the earliest period the condition of the African race in Maryland had 
attracted much attention. By gradations which there are now no means of tra- 
cing, this class of the population had attained, in 1790, the number of 111,079, of 
which 8,043 were free, and 103,036 were slaves. The tendency of public opinion in 
this state, for many years subsequent to the commencement of the Revolution, 
seemed favorable to emancipation, and its effect was perceived in the gradual in- 
crease of free blacks. It was shown by the census of 1800 that the free colored 
had gained 11,544 during the preceding ten years, equal to 143 per centum, 
while the slaves had increased only 2,599, or about 2^ per centum. The decen- 
nial census from this period exhibited an equally remarkable increase of free ne- 
groes and decrease of slaves, so that from 1790 to 1850 the free negroes had in 
creased 821 per centum, and the slaves had decreased more than 12 per centum. 
The decennial movement is shown elsewhere. But during the first twenty years 
of this period thei'e had been a small increase of slaves, so that for the next thirty 
years to 1840, the falling off had been 21,765, or about 19 per centum ; which 
decrease, if sustained, would have extirpated slavery in Maryland in a very short 
time ; but owing to various circumstances in the history of the times, the policy 
of emancipation, without a provision for the removal of the persons whose condition 
was affected by it, began to be looked upon with disfavor, and a provision was 
inserted in the Constitution of 1836, declaring "That the relation of master and 
slave, in this state, shall not be abolished, unless a bill for that purpose shall be 
passed by a unanimous vote of both branches of the General Assembly, be pub- 
lished three months before a new election, and be unanimously confirmed by a 
succeeding legislature." Thus was checked effectually the disposition to public 
emancipation ; but individuals continued to exercise it, and the prevalence of this 
desire to confer freedom upon slaves gave occasion to the institution of the^ 
American Colonization Society, about the year 1819; a branch of the association 
was established in Maryland, but in order to obviate certain features in the organ- 
ization and proceedings of the General Society, not acceptable to the friends of 
colonization in this state, it was determined to establish an independent colony in 
Africa for the blacks of Maryland, The legislature extended its fostering care to 
the enterprise, and an annual appropriation of 5^20,000 was allowed to the Society, 
which is yet continued. The Maryland colony has flourished, having now a con- 
siderable trade, and being visited, at stated periods, by regular packets from 
Baltimore. 



GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 23 

Immediately upon the close of the Revolutionary War, a contest, which had 
laid dormant under the pressure of that absorbing struggle, arose in Maryland, 
over the anti-popular provisions in the constitution. The popular party desired 
universal suffrage, and resolutely set about attaining the object of their wishes. 
After several years of discussion and contention between the people and those 
who doubted their capacity to exercise wisely the franchise they sought, the 
House of Delegates, in 1800, passed a bill, extending the right to vote to every 
free white male citizen of twenty-one years of age, who had been two years a 
resident of the state, and six months in the county, dispensing entirely with the 
property qualification. The Senate insisted upon amendments to this bill, which 
defeated the object of it. But at the next session the House repassed the bill, 
with a hint at the necessity of reforming the Senate itself, so significant, that that 
body took up the bill from the lower house, and passed it without material 
amendment the day after its reception. In 1809 the property qualification for 
holders of office was also abolished. These acts of the legislature were approved 
at subsequent sessions, in the manner required by the existing constitution ; but 
the work of reform was still considered incomplete. The Senate was not elected 
by the people, but appointed by electors chosen by them. The Governor and 
Council were elected by the legislature. 

The Senate also had the power of filling vacancies, under certain circumstances, 
in its own body. But all efforts at procuring reform in these particulars failed, 
though an animated struggle was kept up from the close of the war of 1812 to 
1836. At length, in the latter year, a convention of reformers was held at Balti- 
more, at which it was resolved, that if the legislature continued to refuse the re- 
forms which were believed to be necessary, the agency of that body ought to be 
dispensed with ; and it would be the duty of the people to remodel the constitu- 
tion by their own action, independently of its authority. The chief obstacle in 
the way of reform had been the Seriate. Its term was now about to expire, and 
the election which took place for the choice of electors to form a new one, in the 
mode prescribed by the then existing constitution, resulted in the success of a 
majority of electors favorable to reform. Afler a very bitter contest betw'een 
the whig and democratic divisions of the electors, during which the state seemed 
convulsed almost to the point of civil war, a Senate was chosen of a complexion 
which insured a compliance with the demands of the most decided advocates of 
reform. The legislature entered upon the work of remodeling the constitution 
of the state, immediately upon their assembling. The governor was made eli- 
gible by the people ; his official term was fixed at three years, and he was re- 
quired to be taken alternately from each of the three districts into which the state 
was divided. The Executive Council was abolished, and the office of Secretary 
of State was created, as a depository of part of the duties formerly lodged with 
it. The Senate was reorganized on the basis proposed at near the beginning of 
the contest on the subject, as far back as 1807 ; that is, one member was assigned to 
each county, and one to Baltimore city, to be elected immediately by the people, 
and the term of its members was extended to six years. 

The first election under the new constitution was held in October, 1838. The 
same method of arranging the terms of senators was adopted as obtains in respect 
to members of the United States' Senate. The senators first elected were to be 
divided into classes, who were to serve, respectively, two, four, and six years. 
At the expiration of the two initial fractional terms, a full term of six years was 
to begin, so that the seats of one-third of the senators would be vacated each two 
years, and their places would be supplied by new elections. The House of Dele- 
gates was also reorganized. Five members each were allotted to Frederick and 
Baltimore counties and Baltimore city ; four to each of nine other counties ; three 
to each of the remaining counties ; and one to Annapolis. 

But this was not a permanent arrangement ; for afler the results of the census 



24 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 

of 1840 should be ascertain«d, it was provided that the number of delegates 
should be appointed as follows : A county with a population under fifteen thou- 
sand, in federal numbers, was to have three delegates ; one with more than fifteen 
thousand, four delegates ; one with over twenty -five thousand, five delegates ; one 
with over thirty-five thousand, six delegates ; and Baltimore as many as the most 
populous county. 

After 1840 the right of Annapolis to a separate representation was to cease. 

Considering their political system still capable of amendment, the people of 
Maryland, during the year 1850, decided to call a convention for the formation of 
a new constitution. This body met in the spring of 1851, and concluded its 
labors on the 14th of May. The constitution framed by the convention was 
submitted to the people on the 4th of June, and was adopted by a large majority. 
It went into effect July 4th. By this instrument Howard district, previously a 
part of Anne Arundel county, was erected into a county, and one senator was as- 
signed to it. No other change was made in that branch of the legislature. The 
number of members in the more numerous branch was diminished from eighty- 
two to seventy-four. In the distribution of representatives two members were 
allotted to Howard county ; ten to Baltimore city, being an increase of five ; six 
to Baltimore county, exclusive of the city, a gain of one ; and six to Frederick 
county, which before had five. Fifteen of the older counties lost seventeen 
members. The reason for these changes was the inequalities in representation 
among the counties in the state, which had been brought about by the former 
constitution, by their very different rates of progression as to population and 
property. 

The governor in office, at the time of the adoption of the new constitution, was 
to continue until the expiration of his term. The salary of his successors was 
fixed at $3,600 per annum. 

A Board of Public Works was created, to consist of four Commissioners, 
chosen from districts, into which the state was divided for the purposes of their 
election. 

The Treasurer of the state is, ex officio^ a member of tne Public Works. This 
officer is to be chosen by the legislature once in two years. 

A Comptroller of the public finances is to be chosen by the people, for the term 
of two years. 

The judiciary was modified, so that the four judges of the Court of Appeals 
should be chosen by popular election, each member of the court being taken 
from a district, the boundaries of which were prescribed, except the Chief Justice, 
whose appointment was lodged with the Executive. The state was divided into 
judicial circuits, and in each the people are to elect a judge, to hold office for ten 
years. The salary of the judge in the Baltimore circuit will be |2,500, and of 
the other members of the court, |2,000. 

County clerks and registers will be elected by the people, and their term of 
office is limited to six years. 

The experience of the people under the former constitution had made them 
specially solicitous for an efficient check upon the power of the legislature to con-, 
tract debts. Accordingly, it was prohibited to that authority to borrow a greater 
sum than $100,000, unless in case of war or invasion ; nor can they pass a bill to 
contract a loan, of that or a less amount, without a provision levying a tax to 
meet the interest. To meet temporary deficiencies in the treasury, $50,000 may 
be borrowed. 

It is made the duty of the legislature to submit to the people, as soon after 
each United States' census as convenient, the question whether they desire a revis- 
ion of the constitution ; and if they decide in the affirmative, a convention shall 
be called, the delegates of which shall be apportioned among the counties, on the 
basis of their representation in the two houses of the legislature. 



GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 25 

Lotteries are to be suppressed after the 1st of April, 1859, and in the mean 
time a commissioner, to manage them, will be chosen every two years by the 
people. 

Orphans' courts are established in each county, and in Baltimore city, by popu- 
lar vote, to consist of three judges, who will draw per diem compensation while 
engaged in the actual discharge of judicial duties. Magistrates and constables 
are to be elected in each ward and election district, and to serve two years. 

Maryland is shown, by the census of 1850, to be the fourteenth state of the 
Union in respect to population. The first settlements within its limits, as before 
intimated, were formed in 1031, by a few straggling adventurers, but the per- 
manent foundations of the colony were laid in 1634. From that epoch until 
the first federal enumeration, authentic data for calculation, the materials for tracing 
the progress of population are meagre and unsatisfactory. From such records as 
the annals of the province and state present, previous to the latter period, the fol- 
lowing table has been prepared, showing the number of inhabitants at different 
times : 



Years. Whites. Free Blacks. Slaves. TotaL , Increase. ■ ■ . 

1634 — .... — — 200.... — 

1660 — .... — — 12,000.... 11,800 or 5900.00 p. c. in 26 years. 

1671 — — — 20,000 8,000" 66.06 " in 11 " 

1701 — — — 25,000 5,000" 25.00 " in 30 " 

1715 — — — 30,000 5,000" 20.00 " in 14 '• 

1748 94,000.... — ....36,000 130,000. ., .100,000 ** 333.33 " in 33 " 

1756 107,963 — 46,225 154,188 24,188" 18.60 " in 8 " 

1760 116,759 — ....49,764 166,523 12,335" 7.99 " in 4 *« 

1770 140,110.... — 59,717 199,827.... 33,.304 " 20.00 " in 10 •« 

1775 159,083 — 65,917 225,000 25,173" 12.50 " in 5 " 

1782 170,688.... — 83,362 254,050 29,050 " 12.91 " in 7 " 

1790 208,649 8,043 103,036 319,728 65,678 " 25.85 " in 8 " 

The progress of population was discouragingly slow from 1660 to 1715, a 
period of fifty-five years. The advancement of the province was retarded by civil 
and religious dissensions, by scarcity and pestilence. Under an improved system of 
agriculture, and upon the cessation of disputes among the inhabitants, consequent 
upon the removal of the causes of contention, a return or rather beginning of pros- 
perity was experienced about the latter year, and the community advanced rapidly 
in numbers and the other elements of strength and power until 1748, when hostil- 
ities between England and France, and Indian disturbances, caused a slight check 
to immigration and settlement. Maryland, however, being less exposed from her 
local position to suffer from these causes, her population increased in a satisfactory 
rate up to the beginning of the Revolutionary War. During that contest consider- 
able numbers of Germans in the British armies abandoned the cause to which they 
had become attached by no ties of nationality or duty, and settled in this state. 
In 1778 the legislature passed an act by which all foreigners, upon taking the oath 
of allegiance to the state, were naturalized, and admitted to all the rights of citizen- 
ship, except that of holding civil offices. As an inducement to immigration, circu- 
lars were printed in English and other languages, setting forth the advantages 
which Maryland presented to those who wished to establish themselves in the new 
world, and distributed in England and Germany. These efforts to give a direction 
to the stream of immigration which might reasonably be expected upon the return 
of peace, were doubtless successful, as is indicated by the surprisingly rapid in- 
crease between the close of the Revolutionary War and the year 1790. It does not 
appear that the introduction of the African race among the body of the population 
had any marked effect upon its progress. It is not until the year 1768 that we 
find anything to indicate the proportion between the whites and blacks, although 
slavery had then existed in the province over a century. The subjoined table 
presents a view of the relative advance of the two races : 



26 



GKNERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 



Years. 



Population. 
Whites. Blacks. 



Rates of Increase. 
Whites. Blacks. 

1748 91,000 36,000 - - 

17.'i6 107,!»(;3 46,2i!5 14.8 28.4 

1760 116.7.'J9 49,764 8.1 7.6 

1770 140,110 59,717 19.9 20.0 

1775 159,083 65,917 13.5 10.5 

1782 170,688 83,362 7.3 26.5 

1790 208,649 111,079 22.2 33.2 



Proportion to Whole. 
Whites. Blacks, 



72.3... 


.. 27 7 


1 70.0... 

1 70.1... 


...30.0 
...29.9 


1 70.1... 


...29.9 


1 70.7... 

i 67.1... 

1 65.2... 


...29.3 
...32.9 
...34.8 



As we find no distinction made between the free blacks and slaves in the state- 
ments which serve as authority for the above exhibit, it is assumed that prior to 
the returns of the census of 1790, the number of the former class was too incon- 
siderable to receive notice in any analysis which the purposes of those times re- 
quired, although it is probable the work of emancipation had commenced many 
years before. 

The following tables show the aggregate statistics of the population, from the 
taking of the first federal census in 1790, to the 1st June, 1850 : 

Table L — Statement of the absolute proportion of each class of Population, 

Census White . Colored Persons s Total 

Year. Persons. Free, Slave. Total. Population. 

1790 208,649 8,043 103,036 111,079 319,728 

1800 216,326 19,587 105,635 125,222 341,548 

1810 235,117 33,927 111,.502 145,429 380,546 

1820 260,222 39,730 107,398 147,128 407,350 

1830 291.108 52,938 102,994 155,932 447,040 

1840 318,204 62,078 89,737 151,815 470,019 

1850 417,943 74,723 90,368 165,091 583,034 

Table II. — Statement of the uelative proportion of each class to the whole Population. 

Census White . Colored Persons , Total 

Year. Persons. Free. Slave. Total. Population. 

1790 65.26 2.51 32.23 34.74 100 

1800 63.34 5.73 30.93 36.66 100 

1810 61.78 8.92 29.30 38.22 100 

1820 63.88 9.75 26.37 36.12 100 

1830 65.12 11.84 23.04 34.88 100 

1840 67.70 13.19 19.11 32.30 100 

1850 71.69 12.81 15.50 28.31 100 

Table III. — Statement of the absolute proportion of Sexes. 



Census 
Year. 

1790.. 
1800.. 
1810.. 
1820.. 
1830.. 
1840.. 
1850.. 



^White 
Male. 

..107,254 
..110,650 
..120,210 
,.131,743 
..147,340 
..1,58,804 
..211,187 



Persons— » 
Femakv 



Free. 
Male. Female. 



-Colored Persons- 
Slave, 



Total. 
Male. Female. 



^Total Population—, 
Male. Female. 



Male. Female. 

..128,479 18,746.. 20,984 56,373.. 51,025 75,119. .72,009 206,862.. 200,488 

..143,768 24,906.. 28.032 53,442.. 49,.5.52 78,348. .77,584 225,688. .221,352 

-.1.59,400 29,187. .32,891 46,068.. 43,669 75,255. .76,.560 234,059.. 23.5,960 

206,756 35,192. .39,531 45,944. .44,424 81, 136. .83,955 292,323. .290,71U 



Table IV. — Statement of the kklatiye proportion of Sexes. 



Census 


.—White Persons—, 


Year. 


Male. Female. 


1790.. 


51.40. ...48.60.. 


1800.. 


51.15 48.85.. 


1810.. 


51.13 48.87.. 


1820.. 


50.63 49.37.. 


1830.. 


50.61 49.39.. 


1840.. 


49.91 50.09.. 


1850,. 


50.51.- ..49,49.. 



Free. 
Male. Female. 



-Colored Persons- 
Slave. 
Male. Female. 



Total. 
Male. Female. 



-Total Population— \ 
Male. Female. 



..47.18. ..52.82 52.46. ..47.54 51 06. ..48.94 50.76. ..49.24 

..47.08. ..52.92 51.87. ..48.13 50.25. ..49.75 50.49. ..49.51 

..47.05. ..52.95 51.35. ..48.65 49.67. ..50.33 49.79. -.50.21 

49,49 47.09. ..52,91 50.84.. .49.16 49.14. ..50.86 50.14. ..49.86 



GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 27 

Table V. — Statement of the absolute Tuiovement of Population. 

Between the White . —-Colored Persons > Total 

Years Persona. Free. Slave. Total. Population. 

1790-1800 + "ifi'Tl + 11,544 + S.-'iDD +14,143 + 21,820 

1800-1810 + 18,791 + 14,.-340 + •'5.867 f- 20,207 + :i8,i)98 

1810-1820 + 2.i,10r) 4- -VCS — 4,104 j. 1,699 + ~C,804 

1820-1830 + 30,886 + 13,208 — 4,404 l 8,804 4" 3;),(i90 

1830-1840 + 27,096 + 9,140 13,2.")7 4,117 + 22,979 

1840-1850 + 99,739 + 12,640 + 631 + 13,276 + 113,015 

Table VI. — Statement of the relative movement of Population, 

Between the White , Colored Persons > Total 

Years Persons. Free. Slave. Total. Population. 

1790-1800 + 3.67 + 143.52 + 2..T2 + 12.73 + 6.82 

1800-1810 + B-68 + 73.21 + 5..55 + 16.13 + H--!! 

1810-1820 + 10.67 + 17.10 + 3.68 + 1.16 + 7.04 

1820-1830 + 11.87 + 33.24 _ 4.10 + 5.98 + 9.74 

1830-1840 + 9.30 + 17.26 — 12,87 _. 2.64 + 5.14 

1840-1850 + 31-34 + 20.36 + 0.70 + 8.74 + 24.04 

— signifies minus, "decrease." + signifies j?/tts, "increase." 

The portion of territory ceded by Maryland to the General Government, and 
incorporated with the District of Columbia, was set off between 1790 and 1800. 
The number of its inhabitants in the latter year should be properly taken into 
account, in stating the population of Maryland, when the second census was 
taken. But the figures could not be conveniently admitted into the tables. The 
number of whites, with whom were reckoned a few free colored persons, was 
8,144, and of slaves, 2,072. Adding these amounts to the figures in the lines 
referring to the census of 1800, it will be seen that but for this cession of terri- 
tory, Maryland would have had in that year 351,774 inhabitants ; namely, whites, 
224,480 ; free blacks, 19,587 ; and slaves, 107,707. The rates of progression for 
the entire population, and the several classes, during the preceding decade, would 
be shown to be considerably different from those given in the tables. The in- 
crease of the whites would be found to be about 7.50 per centum, and of the slaves, 
4.53 per centum. But it was necessary to represent the facts, as given in the 
return, for the actual limits of the state. Making the proper allowance for the 
effect of this loss of territory, it appears that, since the organization of our present 
government, the African race has increased in Maryland at a very moderate rate. 
During one decennial term this class of inhabitants remained almost stationary, 
and in the course of another actually decreased. The aggregate increase of slaves 
and free colored during the sixty years, included between 1790 and 1850, has 
been 54,012, or 48. GG per centum; while that of the governing race has been 
209,294, which is equal to 100.31 per centum. The proportion between whites 
and colored inhabitants has varied from 65. 2G to 34.74 in 1790, to 71.69 whites 
and 28.31 blacks in 1850. But this change in the relative progress of the races 
dates only from the census of 1810, and is in remarkable contrast with the state 
of facts developed by the several enumerations for si.\ty-two years preceding. In 
1748 the blacks formed twenty-seven hundredths of the population, and they ap- 
pear to have gained upon the whites, with comparative steadiness, until the first 
federal census, when, as has been shown, they reached the appro.ximate propor- 
tion of 35 per centum of the whole population, while the whites had receded from 
73 to 65 per centum. This tendency of the colored race to encroach upon the 
numerical superiority of the whites continued for twenty years longer, until in 
1810 they were found to have attained the ratio of 38.22 in every hundred of the 
entire population, and the whites had correspondingly declined to 61.78 per 
centum. The low rate of increase among the blacks during the twenty years 
ending in 1810, forbids the supposition that their numbers were recruited by 
heavy importations from Africa, or from the other states of the Union. The rate 



28 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 

of progress of the colored class in Maryland during these years was about 31 per 
centum, while in the Union at large it was about 82 per centum. Besides, the 
public sentiment of this state became decidedly and effectually adverse to the 
continuance of the foreign slave trade as early as 1804. The comparative gain of 
the colored over the white inhabitants during this period, is clearly traceable to 
the migration of the latter to the new states of the West and South. As this 
more rapid rate of progress had been going on for sixty-two years, and, as during 
the last twenty years of this period it had more than doubled that of the whites, 
there was in 1810 reason for apprehension that in another half century the blacks 
would become the preponderating race. There is reason to believe that this 
alarming tendency was checked by the introduction of new pursuits of industry, 
giving employment to a portion of the native population, which would otherwise 
have sought it beyond the limits of the state, and inviting into it emigrants from 
foreign countries. The erection of numerous manufiicturing establishments, the 
commencement and energetic prosecution of extensive public improvements, and 
the consequent revival of commercial activity, imparting a new growth to the chief 
city and principal interior towns, may be cited as the causes which reversed the 
order of advancement, and rescued the whites from the peril which seemed to be 
impending of a loss of their numerical preponderance. 

The census of 1820 showed an increase of white inhabitants equal to 10.67 per 
centum, while that of the colored was barely appreciable, being 1,16 per centum 
only ; and the proportion between the races had changed 2.10 per centum in favor 
of the former. This tendency continues, and is more marked in the results of 
the last census than in any preceding one. 

The territorial extent of Maryland is computed, by competent authority, at 
9,674 square miles; adopting this statement, the density of population is 60.27. 
to the square mile. It would be out of place here to go into that minuteness of 
investigation which would be required to develop, with any degree of accuracy, 
the capacity of the state to sustain population ; but that it has not yet reached 
the limit which the experience of civilization has marked out for it, may be easily- 
demonstrated. Its soil is naturally more fertile than that of Massachusetts, and 
its climate more genial ; and in respect of its position towards the sea, and its 
inland extension, these are very similar in both. The proportion between level 
and mountainous surflice is also, probably, about the same in both states. The 
mineral resources of Maryland are greater beyond comparison. The area is a 
fourth larger than that of Massachusetts. Massachusetts has 126 inhabitants to 
the square mile. With its enormous and yet unfiithomed deposits of iron and 
coal, and its unvarying moderation of temperature, it may fairly be assumed that 
Maryland can support 151 persons to the square mile, with the same average de- 
gree of comfort and convenience as are enjoyed by the 126 now occupyina- the 
same space in Massachusetts. This concession of 20 per centum in favor of Mary- 
land, certainly appears to be due to its superior natural advantages, and would 
give it a population of 1,460,774. At the rate of increase observable in Mary- * 
land from 1840 to 1850, it would have in 1800, in round numbers, 1,380,000,- 
and at the end of the present century, 1,700,000. Whether its advance will be 
as rapid and steady as the conditions of this calculation require may be doubted ; 
but as the estimate is based upon facts within our own experience, it must be ad- 
mitted to be reasonable. 

Of the 417,943 white inhabitants of Maryland in 1850, 53,750 were persons of 
foreign birth, and the proportion of native-born to foreigners was as 87.15 to 
12.85. We have seen that the legislature of this state took measures at an early 
period to invite immigration. There is reason to suppose that the invitation was 
accepted by large numbers previous to the commencement of the wars of the 
French Revolution, which would naturally cause the suspension of the migratory 
movement from the old to the new world, although we have but few authentic 



GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 



29 



details of the accessions to population in any portion of the United States, from 
this source, prior to 1819, when the collectors of customs were first required by 
law to make returns of the number of foreign passengers arriving at their respec- 
tive ports ; there is no doubt that many Germans sought a home within the 
borders of Maryland previous to that dite, landing either at Baltimore or coming 
through Pennsylvania. The people of that nation appear to have manifested a 
preference for both of those states from an early period, being probably first 
attracted to Maryland by the extensive tobacco trade which was carried on between 
the principal port of the state and the German cities of the Baltic. The following 
table presents a statement of foreign immigration into Baltimore, for thirty years 
preceding the 30th Sept., 1850, which is believed to be substantially accurate : 



, First Decade % 

Y No. of 

^^''' Immigrants. 

1820-21 646 

1821-22 499 

1822-23 707 

1823-24 378 

1824-25 852 

1825-26 1,068 

1826-27 1.163 

1827-28 1,772 

1828-29 1,507 

1829-30 1,960 



Year. 



-Second Decade 

No. of 
Immigrants. 



-Third Decade- 



Vcar. 



1830-31 4,531 

1831-32 5,092 

1832-33 6,556 

1833-34 6,959 

1834-35 4,065 

1835-.36 4,255 

1836-37 5,2.54 

1837-38 7,087 

1838-39 4,896 

1839-40 6,627 



No. of 
Immis^ranU. 

1840-41 5,818 

1841-42 4,194 

1842-43 4,662 

1843-44 3,601 

1844-45 6.001 

1845-46 9,347 

1846-47 12,009 

1847-48 7,091 

1848-49 8.072 

1849-50 7,597 



10,552 55,322 68,392 

Aggregate imtnigration for 30 years, 134,266. 

No means now exist for determining with certainty how many of these immi- 
grants permanently settled in Maryland ; but as Baltimore had not been during 
this period connected with the country west of the Alleghanies by direct rail-road 
or water communication, it is probable that the foreign passengers arriving there 
usually selected that port of landing with the purpose of remaining in the state. 
Much the larger portion of this immigration consisted of Germans'. The propor- 
tion between that class and all other foreign passengers in 1850, 'was about 60 per 
centum; andof the whole of the .53,750 persons among the population in 1850, born 
out of the United States — 26,936 were natives of Germany, 19,557 uf Ireland, 
3,467 of England, 1,093 of Scotland, 260 of Wales, and 507 of France. The re- 
sidue was composed of immigrants from twenty-three difierent nations, and of 
those whose origin was not ascertained. Of the American population 400,594 
were born in Maryland and in the neighboring states — 16,076 in Pennsylvania, 
7,030 in Virginia, 4,373 in Delaware, and 1,940 in the District of Columbia. 
The number of the inhabitants born in states of the Union other than those, was 
as follows: in Maine, 456; in New-Hampshire, 260; in Vermont, 262; in Mas- 
sachusetts, 1,421; in Rhode Island, 209; in Connecticut, 484; in New-York, 
2,646; in New-Jersey, 1,321 ; in North Carolina, 225; in South Carolina, 158; 
in Georgia, 74; in Florida, 37; in Alabama, 51 ; in Mississippi, 143 ; in Louisi- 
ana, L^l ; in Texas, 24; in Ohio, 535; in Indiana, 65; in Illinois, 54; in Mis- 
souri, 86 ; in Arkansas, 14; in Kentucky, 131; in Tennessee, 39 ; in Michigan, 
16 ; in Wisconsin, 4 ; in Iowa, 5 ; in California, 1 ; and in the teriitori»^s, 1. 

The following table exhibits the number of deaf and dumb, blind, insane, and 
idiotic persons within the state in 1850 : 



Persons. 



. Whites . ^Free Colored-^ 

Male. FeniAle. Total. Male. Female. Total. 

Deaf and Dumb 103... 92. ..195 19.. . 17. ..36.. 

Blind 96... 97.. .193 30.. . 41.. .71.. 



. Slaves . . AL'preeate— — \ 

Male. Female. Total, ^^^lle. Kfmala. Total. 

..15... 8... 23... 137... 117... 254 
..22. ..21.. .43. -.148. ..159. ..307 



Insane 226. ..251.. .477 23. ..29. ..52 9. ..15. ..24.. .258. ..295. ...553 

Idiotic 147... 121... 268 32. -.21... 53 41.. .31. ..72. . .220. ..173. . .393 

and the number of slaves manumitted in 1849-50 was 493, and the number that 
fled from service was 379. 



30 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OP MARYLAND. 

The distribution of the population into the several counties in 1850, was as 
follows : 

„ Number of Number of White , Colored Persons > Total 

OouNTiM. Dwellings* Families.* Persons. Free. Slave. Total. Population. 

AUeehany 3,850 3,902 21,633 412.... 724.... 1,136 22,769 

Anne Arutidelt. 3,712 3,745 16,.542 4,602.... 11,249.... 15,851 32,393 

Baltimore 30,065 34,925 174,853 29,075 6,718 35,793 210,646 

Calvert 1,006 1,006 3,630 1,530 4,486 6,016 9,646 

Caroline'..'...'. 1,526 1,526 6,096 2,788 808 3,596 9,692 

Carroll. 3,476 3,.593 18,667 974 975 1,949 20,616 

Cecil 3,056 3,114 1.5,472 2,623 844 3,467 18,939 

Charles 1,335 1,335 5,665 913 9,584 10,497 16,162 

Dorchester 2.705 2,709 10,747 3,848 4.282 8,130 18,877 

Frederick 6,397 6,614 33,314 3,760 3,913 7,673 40,987 

Harlord 2,977 2,985 14.413 2.777 2,166 4,943 19,3.56 

Kent 1,584 1,.584 5,616 3,143 2,627 5,770 11,386 

Montgomery.... 1.923 1,960 9,435 1,311 5,114 6,425 15,860 

Prince George.. 1,875 1,875 8,901 1,138.. ..11,510.. ..12,648 2!,549 

aueenAnue... 1,864 1,864 6.936 3,278 4.270 7,.548 14,434 

St. Mary's 1,512 1.646 6,223 1,6.33.... 5,842.... 7,475 13,698 

Somerset 3,158 3,1.58 13,385 3,483 5,588 9.071 22,456 

Talbot 1,751 1,776 7,084 2,.593.... 4,134.... 6,727 13,811 

Washington.... 5,0.52 5,182 26,930 1,828 2,090 3,918 30,848 

Worcester 2,884 2,885 12,401 3,014.... 3,444.... 6,458 18,859 



Total 81,708 -..87,384 417,943 74,723 90,368 165,091 583,034 

The number of persons born in the state during the year ending 1st June, 1850, 
is stated in the census to have been 16,482, J the number that were married dur- 
ing the same year was 3,703, and the number that died was 9,544. These 
figures, however, can only be taken as an approximation. 

The classes, sexes, and ages of the inhabitants of the state in 1850, were as 
follows : 



, — White Persons—, 
Male. Female. 



, Colored Persons > 

Free. SlaTe. 

Male. Female. Male. Female. 



Under 1 year 6,059 5,962 1,017 998 1.243 1,203 

1 and under 5 years 24,309 23,037 4,422 4,502 5,961 5,931 

5 and under 10 years 27,5.58 27,016 4,950 5,131 6,902 6,712 

10 and under 15 years 25,307 24,608 4,516 4,582 6,963 6,400 

15 and under 20 years 20,767 22,461 3,396 4,015 5,643 5,466 

20 and under 30 years 40,164 38,173 5,437 6,816 8,092 7,443 

30 and under 40 years 29,460 26,685 4,344 5.273 4,269 4,.500 

40 and under 50 years 18 740 18,414 3,030 3,625 2,953 2,931 

50 and under 60 years 10,647 10,802 2,104 2,252 1,926 1,850 

60 and under 70 years .\429 6,088 1,242 1,334 1,187 1,175 

70 and under 80 years 2,161 2,631 503 605 549 510 

80 and under 90 years 508 749 175 239 190 196 

90 and under 100 years 63 114 45 110 41 74 

100 and upwards 7 10 11 48 24 31 

Age unknown 8 6 1 1 2 

Among the deductions from the census returns of Maryland, transmitted to * 
Congress by the Commissioner, will be found several abstruse tables on the law 
of mortality in the state, the specific intensity of life, and the expectation of life ; 
these are not of popular interest, and can easily be referred to by those whose 
pursuits require their aid ; hence they are omitted in this connection. 

*In all slave holding states the dwellings and families of slaves are counted as parts of the dwellings 
and families of their owners. 

t Howard district, formerly a part of this county, was erected into a separate county in 1851, in accord- 
ance with the constitution of that year. There are no means afibrded by the census, as published bv the 
commissioner, of ascertaining the proportions of population, products, i^c, due to it; but as the principal 
villages are within its limits, these may be rated at two thirds the totals given to Anne Arundel. 

■f This number (16,482) is given as the total number of persons born within the year. By summing np 
the numbers of persons under one year of age (all of whom must have been born within the year indicated) 
we have the same aggregate : hence, if the census be correct, all the children born in the year ending June 
1st. 1850, have luckily escaped the usual fatality of infancy. 



GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 



31 



There are specified in the returns nineteen cities, towns and villages, containing 
more than 200 inhabitants each. Their aggregate population is 200,381, of which 
162,274 are natives of the United States, and 37,340 of foreign countries. From 
these statements it results that 30.01 per centum of the native inhabitants, and 
70 per centum of those born abroad, dwell in towns. 

The returns also enumerate about 300 professions, trades and occupations, 
which, together, present a condensed view of the industry of the state. The en- 
tire number of persons, whose employments are given, is 131,910. 

1. Of the whole number of specified employments, 43 are of a character to 
require the exertion of the intellectual faculties, as the learned professions, engi- 
neering, teaching and surveying; in these are occupied 13,187 persons. 

2. Next is the class of planters and farmers, which comprises a body of 20,757 
persons. 

3. The third in order of this classification includes such as are engaged in me- 
chanical trades, in manufacturing, and other departments of manual industry, re- 
quiring various degrees of skill ; of such pursuits there are 190, and they gave 
employment to 44,218 persons. 

4. This division comprises such as are occupied in unskilled labor : it com- 
prises 25 occupations, in which are engaged 32,933 persons. Laborers, without 
a more specific description, count four-fifths of the aggregate number. 

5. Merchants, bankers, retail dealers and others, occupied in the pursuits of 
commerce, and in the almost innumerable ramifications of trade and business, the 
chief province and objects of which are the management of the exchange and dis- 
tribution of the products of industry, are ranked together under this head. It 
includes 26 branches of employment, which are pursued by 4,607 individuals. 

The following table exhibits an alphabetical list of the employments above 
alluded to, and the number of persons engaged in each : 



Oocupations. No. of Pereons. 

Actors 18 

Agents 239 

Agricultural Implement 

Makers 342 

Architects 20 

Artists 52 

Auctioneers .26 

Astrologists 2 

Bakers, &c 773 

Bank Officers 73 

Barbers 235 

Barkeepers 174 

Basket Maker* 73 

Bell Hangers 8 

Blacksmiths 3,425 

Bleachers 4 

Blind Makers 14 

Block Si- Pump Makers. 102 
Boarding Housekeepers. 54 

Boat Builiiers 65 

Boatmen 281 

Boiler M.ikers 59 

Bone Du!^t Makers 16 

Book Binders 78 

Booksellers and Sta- 
tioners 73 

Bottlers 48 

Brass Founders 85 

Brewers 81 

Brick Makers 1,381 

Bridse .Makers " 

Brokers and Bankers ...81 

Broom Makers 26 

Brush Makers 40 

Butchers 879 

Button Makers ,...54 

Cabinet Makers ..1,071 

Carpenters and Build- 
ers 5,244 

Carpet Makers 46 

Carriers 112 

Carters 969 



Occupations. No, of Peraons. 

Carvers 37 

Caulkers 203 

Chandlers 202 

Chemists 118 

Clerks 3,2.56 

Clergymen 430 

Clock Makers 14 

Coacli Makers 429 

Collectors 94 

Comb Makers 29 

Conveyancers 44 

Composition Workers.. .12 

Coopers 1,199 

Coppersmiths 82 

Cordwainers 3,832 

Cork Cutters 4 

Cotton Manufacturers 3,247 

Curriers 108 

Cuthrs 39 

DaguerreotypistR 21 

Dairymen 100 

Dentists 79 

Distillers 52 

Draughtsmen 7 

Drivers 744 

Drovers 30 

Druggists, &c 218 

Dvers 43 

Edge Tool Makers 55 

Engineers 327 

Engravers 25 

Farmers 26,324 

File Makers 24 

Fire Engine Makers 32 

Fire Works Makers 59 

Fishermen 106 

Fringe Makers 68 

Fullers 14 

Furriers 6 

Gardeners 477 

Gas Fitters 14 

Gaa Makers 52 



Occupations. No, of Persons. 

Gilders 24 

Glass Makers 81 

Glovers 92 

Glue Makers 35 

Goldsmiths 19 

Grocers 737 

Gunsmiths 81 

Hair Workers 14 

Harness Makers 628 

Hatters 320 

Hosiers 8 

Ice Dealers 13 

India Rubber Manufac 

turers 17 

Innkeepers 697 

Iron Forges, Workers 

in , 90 

Iron Founderies, do.. .,535 
Iron Furnaces, ..do. ..1,351 
•' Rolling Mills do... 175 
" Workers, all oth- 
ers 253 

Japaiiners 3 

Jewellers 54 

Laborers 26,577 

Lamp Makers 8 

Last Makers 23 

Lawyers 580 

Lime Burners 40 

Lithographers 20 

Locksmiths 94 

Looking-Glass Makers ..30 

Lumbermen 179 

Machinists 301 

Mariners 8,747 

Murketmen 164 

Masons and Bricklay- 
ers 1,217 

Match Makers 8 

Math, lustrum. Makers.. 12 

Measurers 45 

Merchants 3,409 



Occupnttooa . No. of Persons. 

Mills — Bark, workers in. 33 

" — Clover do .4 

" — Coffee.&c.do. ...14 
" — Flour,&c. do. ..CS7 
" — Planing do. ...53 
" —Plaster do. ...14 
" —Saw do. ..304 

" — Sumac do. ...13 

Milliners 262 

Millstone Makers 9 

Millwrights 102 

Mineral Water Makers.. 22 

Miners 526 

Morocco Dressers 00 

Moulders 294 

Musical Inst. Makers... 169 

Musicians 59 

Music Teachers 24 

Nail Manufacturers 203 

Officers of the State, and 

of the U. States 589 

Oil Cloth Manufacturers.. 5 

Oil Makers 18 

Opticians ..5 

Organ Builders 18 

Ostlers 124 

Overseers 474 

Oystermen 113 

Painters and Glaziers. .809 
Paper and Band-Box 

Makers 39 

Paper llanirers 133 

Paper .Manufacturers.. 186 

Paper Stainers 117 

Patent Medicine Makers. .7 

Pattern Makers 52 

Paviers 127 

Peddlors 154 

Perfumers .. 5 

Physicians 942 

pilots 101 

Planters 410 



32 

OccuiMitions. No. of Ptrsons. 

Flaslerers 469 

Platers 11 

Plumbers 59 

Potters lOG 

Powder Makers 272 

Printers 383 

Provision Dealers 23 

Publishers 14 

Porters 4C8 

Quarrym^n 45 

Rejjalia Makers 72 

Rigirers 76 

Riveted Hose Makers 9 

Rope Makers 119 

Sail Makers 119 

Sailing Masters 22 

Scavengers 20 

Servants 1,881 



GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 



OccupRtiorji. No. of Feraons. 

Ship Bnilders 673 

■' Joiners 82 

Ship Smiths 109 

Shot Manufacturers 10 

Silversmiths 76 

Soapstone Workers .^0 

Soldiers 123 

Spinners 35 

Steam Engine Makers.. 330 

Steel Manufacturers 2 

Stone and Marble Cut- 
ters 430 

Stove Makers 413 

Straw Workers 3 

Students 746 

Stevedores 45 

Sugar Refiners 19 

Surgicallustr. Makers 8 



Occupations. No. of Persons. 

Surveyors 33 

Tailors 5,294 

Tanners 479 

Teachers 799 

Teamsters 144 

Telegraph Operators 54 

Tin Smiths 361 

Tobacconists, &c 849 

Traders 600 

Trunk Makers 30 

Turners 138 

Type-cutters and found- 
ers 22 

Umbrella Makers 51 

Upholsterers 76 

Varnish Manufacturers. . 11 

Watchmen 208 

Watch Makers 98 



Occupations. No. of Peraona, 

Weavers 342 

Weigh Masters 5 

Wheelwrights 805 

Whip Makers 36 

White Lead Manuf. 20 

Whitesmiths 33 

Wig Makers 12 

Wire Workers 24 

Woolen Manuf. 373 

Manufactures, (not spe- 
cified) 261 

Mechanics, (not speci- 
fied) 250 

Engaged on Rail-roads 

and Steamboats 123 

Other Occupations... 1,339 

Total 131,910 



The branches of industry, as pursued in Maryland, are set forth in the detailed 
statistics, under the heads of the several counties. In this place, therefore, it is 
only necessary to exhibit the aggregates of the various departments. 

Agriculture, except in what are specifically denominated the manufacturing dis- 
tricts, is the all-engrossing occupation. The principal staple of the southern coun- 
ties is tobacco, which has been the great export article of the province and state 
since its first settlement. Prince George, Carroll, Charles and St. Mary's coun- 
ties, are the sources from which ninety five hundredths of the annual crop is 
derived. Less than one million pounds weight is produced in all the other coun- 
ties in the year. In the northern counties, the main crops consist of wheat, 
oats, rye, &c., while in the south-eastern counties the grain crops are more varied. 
Flax and hemp are grown almost everywhere, but to no great extent. The sys- 
tem of farming formerly pursued has exhausted the soils of Maryland, and ren- 
dered them comparatively worthless ; but for several years past great improve- 
ments have been made, the worn out lands have been fertilized by various man- 
ures, and by a judicious rotation of crops, the lands now in use are kept in excel- 
lent condition. In almost every part of the state the richest fertilizers are abun- 
dant, and by means of improved fecilities of transportation, many foreign com- 
posts, formerly excluded, are now easily procured — thus guano, lime, &c., are 
carried to the remotest plantations in the country, and are being successfully and 
widely used where most wanted. The unusual increase of population in the agri- 
cultural counties is a consequence of the improvements that have been effected, 
and the demand for labor, that has followed the adoption of the economic prin- 
ciples involved in the change. 

The whole land area of Maryland, as before stated, is 9,674 square miles or 
6,191,360 acres; of this extent, 4,634,350 are farm lands, of which 2,797,905 
acres are improved and 1,836,445 acres unimproved. The number of farms undei* 
cultivation in 1850, according to the returns of the census takers, was 21,860, and 
their aggregate cash value, $87,178,545. The value of farming implements and 
machinery at the same time was $2,463,443. No former census has made re- 
turns on these important points, and hence w^e have no means of showing the 
changes that have taken place in the quantity and value of lands under 
cultivation. 

The amount of live-stock in 1850, was as follows : horses, 75,684 ; asses and 
mules, 5,644; milch cows, 86,859; working oxen, 34,135; other cattle, 98,595; 
sheep, 177,902, and swine, 352,911. The value of these in the aggregate was 
$7,997,634. In 1840, the number of horses, mules, &c., was 92,220; of neat 
cattle, including milch cows, working oxen and other cattle, 225,714 ; of sheep, 
257,922 ; of swine 410,943, and the value of poultry of all kinds was $218,765. 
The census of 1850 does not account for poultry. These statistics exhibit a de- 
crease in the number of horses, mules, &c., of 10,892 ; of cattle a decrease of 



GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 



33 



6,125; of sheep a decrease of 80,020, and of swine a decrease of 64,032. The 
quantity of wool produced in 1849-50, was 480,226 pounds ; the quantity of 
butter was 4,202,160 pounds, and cheese, 3,925 pounds. The value of animals 
slaughtered is stated at $1,954,800, or one-fourth the value of the remaining live 
stock together. In 1840, wool was produced to the amount of 488,201 pounds, 
and the value of the products of the dairy was $457,466. 

The field crops produced in 1839-40, and in 1849-50, as exhibited in the two 
last census returns, are stated in tabular form for facility of comparison, as 
follows : 

Crop. 1839-'40. 1849-'50 

Irish Potatoes, bushels. } -, ^^r Anr, $ -- 764,939 

.. 723,577.. 226,014 Sweet Potatoes, " J i,uJt),«>JJ ^ __ 208,993 

. .8,233,086 .. 10,749,859 Tobacco, pounds. . .24,816,012 21,407,497 

..3,534,211.. 2,242,151 Hay, tonx 106,687.... 157,956 

3,594.. 745 Wine, gallons... 7,585 1,431 

73,606.. 103,671 Market Garden products.. $133,197 $200,869 

— .. 12,816 Orchard products $105,740.... $164,051 



Crop. 1839-'40. 1849-'50. 

Wheat bushels 3,345,785.. 4,494,680 

Rye, " 

Indian Corn.... " 

Oats " 

Barley " 

Buckwheat " 

Peas and Beans. " 



Other products under this head in 1849-50, were — clover-seed 15,217 bushels ; 
other grass seed 2,561 ; hops 1,870 pounds ; hemp (dew-rotted) 63 tons ; flax 
35,686 pounds ; flax-seed 2,446 bushels ; silk cocoons 39 pounds ; maple-sugar 
47,740 pounds, and maple-molasses 1,430 gallons (all from Alleghany County ;) 
bees-wax and honey 74,802 pounds. The aggregate value of home-made manu- 
factures, which, in the census returns, are classed as agricultural productions, is 
stated at $111,828 — in 1840 the same manufactures were produced to the; value 
of $178,181, From these comparative returns it will be seen that the only staple 
crops which have been increased since 1840, are those of wheat and Indian corn ; 
the production of tobacco has decreased one-eighth. The increase or decrease in 
other crops is less important. 

The manufacturing industry of Maryland has more than duplicated within the 
ten years from 1840. In that year the total amount of capital invested in all 
manufactures was S6,450,284, and in 1850 the capital invested was $14,753,143. 
The distribution of this class of employments in 1850, and the value of the aggre- 
gate capital invested in each county in 1840 and 1850 comparatively, are exhi- 
bited in the annexed table : 



No. of Value Average Average Annual Capital 

No. of Establish- Capital of Raw Hands Monthly Cost V:ilue of Invested, 

Counties. Pursuits. ments. Invosteil. Material. F.mploycJ. of Labor. ProiUiets. 1840. 

Alleghany* 10 24.. $750,100.. $130,848 403 $9,284 $491,391.. $99,410 

Anne Arundel. 25 159.. 402,.570.. 599,837 968 13,972 937,260.. 307,150 

Bahimore 29 134.. 3,387,410.. 2,791,319 3,377 51,013 4,123,.503 ) . ooj -n--> 

Baltimore city. 138 ...2,243.. 6,-541,922.. 9,444,244 20,486 4.59,441 20,416,5115 ^'"■^"'''"^ 

Calvertt — — .. — .. — — — — .. 13,545 

Carroll 22 121.. 246,800.. 216,345 357 6,047 352,369.. 207^473 

Cecil 28 170.. 529,990.. 418.062 893 16,6.56 776,857.. 109,838 

Chariest — — -- — .. — — — .... — .. 6,000 

Dorchestert-... 4 12.. 7,2.50.. 10,600 46 8.33 24,.500.. 8.5,129 

Frederick 30 253.. 81.5,.581.. 1,136,-533 880 15,236 1,600,967.. .520,605 

Harford 20 70.. 428,6-55.. 398,732 324 6,4-56 545,676.. 106,918 

Kentt 10 34.. 45,700.. 73,642 82 1,540 111,750.. 28,370 

Montgomery ... 19 80.. 137,810.. 219,372 242 3,870 331,167.. 61,925 

Prince George. 14 28.. 428,370.. 285,044 708 7,371 414,859.. 53,800 

Clueen Anne-... 10 29.. 42,060.. 68,870 128 2,167 122,226.. 500 

St. Maryt 3 11.. 38, .500.. 56,000 31 259 68,312.. 30,282 

Somerset 12 90.. 109,600.. 96,775 200 3,276 1.5.j,350.. 25,750 

Talbot 11 36.. 54600.. 63,460 ISO 2,938 119,050.. 19,000 

Washington.... 32 169.. 726,375.. 1,283,675 730 13,099 1,859,993.. 421,188 

Worcestert 7 45-. 69,850.. 33,176 89 1,110 65,961.. 51,650 

Total 143. ...3,708.. $14,753,1 43 $17,326,734 30,124... $614,556 $32,477,702. . $6,450,284 

• The capital investocl in minps within this county is ahout $7,000,000 ; but this is not accounted for in the 
census, in which only $005,000 is stated as being the mining capital, 

t In the " errata'' appended to the census of Maryland, wc fiud tlie following note, " No indu$trial establish- 



34 



GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 



It may be proper in this place to note, that in 1850 no account was taken of 
those manufacturing establishments, the annual products of which did not ainount 
to $500 in value. The number of such is doubtlessly great, especially in the 
agricultural districts ; and in -whole counties, such as Calvert, Caroline, and Charles, 
the manufactures carried on are probably on this scale, as we have no returns 
given in the census. In 1840 all these counties returned manufactures. We have 
no means of estimating the aggregate numbers and values of the establishments 
referred to, but may safely conclude that had they been returned, they would have 
added at least 10 per centum to the aggregates as above given. 

The following is a recapitulation of the industry of Maryland, and exhibits the 
number of establishments connected with each pursuit, the amount of capital in- 
vested, the value of raw material consumed, the kind of motive power employed, 
the average number of hands employed, the average monthly cost of labor, and 
the value of the annual products of each. 



Name of Business or 
Manufacture. 



No. of 

E.^lablish- 

meuts. 



Capital 
Invested. 



Value 
of Raw 
Material. 



Agricultural implement makers 76.. 

Artificial flower makers 1... 

Bakers 193... 

Band-box makers 1.. 

Basket makers 7.., 

Blacksmiths 232 .. , 

Block and pump makers 19.. 

Boat builders • • • • 15.. 

Book binders 9.. 

Boot and shoe makers 464... 

Brewers 18... 

Brick makers 61 

Broom makers 7... 

Brush makers 6.. 

Button makers 1 ... 

Cabinet makers 141.., 

Cage makers 1... 

Car builders 1.. 

Carpenters and builders 234.. 

Carvers 5.. 

Chandlers, &c 12.. 

Charcoal burners 1... 

Chemicals 5... 

Cigar makers 125... 

Clothiers 265 . . . 

Coach makers 52... 

Comb makers 4.., 

Coopers 99.. 

Copper refining 1... 

' smelting 1.., 

" smiths 6 

Cordage 7.., 

Cork cutters 1... 

Corset makers 2.. 

Curriers 21... 

Cutlers 1 . . . 

Daguerreans 9... 

Distillers 16 . . . 

Dyers 3... 

Earthenware 16... 

Edge-tool makers 8... 

Engravers 3... 

Engine, fire, builders 3... 

Factories, card 1... 



$100,150 $103,572 

500 2,000 

.249,187 658,100 

100 225 

. 2,450 2,493 

. 87,730 100,490 

.. 13,300 8,992 

.. 15,000 14,705 

.. 13,200 15,700 

.297,965 504,210 

. 62,800 59,873 

.280,536 124,279 

. 10,050 14,055 

,. 15,600 13,410 

, 1,000 2,.500 

.301,215 208,895 

75 75 

600 1,090 

,.218,497 518,588 

650 960 

..224,600 427,290 

. 1,000 .570 

.210,000 110,150 

.196.960 210,542 

.628,940 1,327,481 

.127,450 113,415 

. 1,400 2,819 

.. 47,730 111,761 

. 4.5,000 105,400 

.100,000 29.5,300 

. 30,800 30,983 

. 28.500 71,430 

. 2,.500 4,000 

1.50 .332 

. 65,100 208,545 

. 2,000 500 

. 13,900 9,350 

.184,300 457,638 

. 5.500 1,200 

. 46.030 14,408 

. 10,100 9,731 

. 2,500 1,495 

. 16,800 5,237 

. 21,100 5,296 



Average 
Power Hands 

Employed. Employed. 

Steam, &c 333.. 

Hand 6.. 

" 443.. 

" i 22.. 

" 607.. 

«< 57.. 

" 65.. 

" 44.. 

" 2,756.. 

Stills 79.. 

Kilns 1,381.. 

Hand 26.. 

" 46.. 

Steam 10.. 

Hand 903.. 

" 2.. 

" 6.. 

" 1,237.. 

" 10.. 

Steam, &c 202.. 

Pits 4.. 

Steam 118.. 

Hand 508. 

" 5,293 

" 423, 

" 11 

" 487, 

Water 15 

Steam 40 

Hand 27. 

Steam, &c 85 

Hand 4. 

" 10 

" 80. 

" 4. 

CamertB 21, 

Stills 52. 

Hand 8 

Kilns 106 

Hand 40. 

" 7. 

Steam 32 

" 8 



Averaje 

Monthly Value of 

Co.st of Annual 

Labor. Products. 

$7,436 $257,655 

.. 125 4,000 

.11,013 1,145,949 

,.. 105 1,200 

,.. 561 11,084 

. 10,946 323,678 

...1,704 44,300 

..1,887 47,950 

.. 922 52,i;50 

.50,264 1,372,358 

..1,657 122,720 

..33.334 471,450 

.. 647 38,950 

...1,244 44,950 

... 148 2,340 

.23,031 705,175 

... 35 850 

.. 156 3,600 

.37,658 1,518,117 

.. 326 9,300 

..4,043 579,.5.53 

... 80 2,170 

..2,938 421,200 

.12,779 608,716 

.70.616 2,662,127 

.10,8.55 387,470 

... 242 7,100 

..9,066 284,»5S 

... 460 ll-5,.500 

..1,480 450,000 

.. 923 40,600 

..2,584 106,600 

.. 144 6,000 

.. 110 3,000 

-.3,010 324,058 

.. 140 3,000 

.. 834 32.700 

..1,435 5S6.064 

... 258 6.800 

..2,841 83,700 

-.1,013 34,296 

.. 290 7,120 

... 836 22,350 

... 360 41,000 



ments were returned in the counties of Calvert, Caroline, and Charles ; and incomplete returns from Dorchester, 
Kent, St. Mary'.s. and Worcester Counties." This explanation invites two questions— /rst, were there in exist- 
ence any indu.strial establishments to return; and, seco/wi. if there were, why were they not returned, and why 
were incomplete returns received when complete ones might have been obtained ? Tlie i»robability is that the 
three first counties named have no manufactures coming witliiu the limitation of the census, and then no returns 
were required ; but the merits of the case ought to be ascertained. 



GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 



35 



Name of Business or 
Manufacture. 

Factories, cotton , 

" file 



No. of 
Establish- Capital 
ments. Infested. 



Value 

of Raw 

Material. 



33 



" glue 3. 

" lamp 2. 

" linseed-oil cake .... 1 . 

" mill-stone 2. 

" nail 8. 

" riveted hose 2. 

" shot 1. 

" woolen 43. 

Forges, iion 5. 

Foundries, brass 10. 

" iron 18. 

" type, &c 1. 

Fringe makers 4. 

Furnaces, iron 19.. 

Gas company 1. 

" fixture makers 2. 

Gilders 1. 

Glass manufacturers 2. 

Glovers 5. 

Gunsmiths 11. 

Hat and cap makers 46. 

Hosiery 1. 

India-rubber clothing 2- 

Instruments, mathematical,... 4. 

" musical 2. 

" surgical 2. 

Iron railing workers 4. 

Japamiing 1. 

Last makers.... 5. 

Lime burners 16. 

Looking-glass, &;c. makers.... 4. 

Machine shops 15., 

Matchmakers 1. 

Mills, bark 7. 

" bone 3. 

" clover 4., 

" coffee, &c.... .. ....... 3. 

" flour .245. 

" grist 147-' 

" linseed-oil 1. 

" paper 25. 

" planing 5., 

" plaster 2.. 

" powder 2.. 

" rolling 5. 

" saw 118. 

" sumac 3. 

Milliners 51.. 

Millwrights 3., 

Mineral waters 3. 

Mining, coal 3. 

*' copper 3. 

" gold 1. 

" iron 21. 

Morocco dressers 7. 

Carmakers 1. 

Oil -cloth makers 1. 

Organ builders 2. 

Paper-box makers 1. 

Paper stainers 6. 

Patent medicines 3.. 

Perfumery 2. 

Piano-forte makers 10. 

Plaster casts 1. 

Plumbers 12. 

Printers and publishers* 28. 



.2,248,600 1,353,361 

... 2.''>,.'500 17,315 

... 20,000 16,0.-)0 

... 6,000 7,9.j1 

... 10,000 37,500 

... 5,600 6,125 

...121,550 96,717 

... 6,800 7,250 

... 30,000 36,2.50 

...258,100 176,518 

... 94,500 78,935 

... 52,240 190,049 

...253,100 230,562 

... 1.5,000 2,875 

... 40,650 27,200 

. 1,033,500 576,225 

...500,000 32,190 

... 8,000 6,998 

500 2,000 

... 54,000 19,300 

... 21,860 10,384 

... 14,300 12,0.50 

... 55,200 120,338 

... 1,000 425 

. .• 3,000 12,000 

... 3,600 2,140 

... 1,600 950 

... 3,000 1,045 

... 4,650 8,610 

150 375 

... :,350 965 

... 14,930 13,867 

... 22,500 15,160 

...257, .500 120,843 

200 250 

... 26,000 27,900 

... 7,000 15,478 

... 1,5.50 — 

... 12,100 21,625 

. 1,833,460 4,126,324 

..•264,150 432,583 

... 3,000 750 

...134,300 118,668 

... 42,700 119,085 

... 10,000 14,.563 

... 64.000 10,211 

...196,000 210,564 

...195,350 185,630 

... 9,000 14,075 

... 26,275 74,912 

... 17,500 9,880 

... 9,400 8,090 

...605,000 — 

... 13,200 — 

500 — 

... 34.750 — 

... 36,400 111,576 

... 2,000 800 

... 6,000 8,000 

... 2,000 1,850 

400 1,322 

... 60,000 20,974 

... 1,6.50 5,130 

650 2,700 

... 61.100 32,184 

200 250 

... 11,4.50 41,090 

...124,525 151,753 



Average 
Power Hands 
Employed. Employed. 

Steam, &c 3,247. 

Water 24. 

Steam 21. 

Hand 8., 

Steam 6. 

Hand 9., 

Steam, &c 203.. 

Hand 9.. 

Steam 10. 

Water 370.. 

" 90.. 

Steam 76. 

" 555.. 

Hand 31.. 

Looms 68. 

Steam ,...1,351.. 

Retorts 52., 

Forge 14. 

Hand 2.. 

" 54.. 

" 92.. 

" 81.. 

" 320.. 

" 3. 

" 17. 

" 8., 

« 6. 

" 8.. 

" 27.. 

" 3. 

" 11. 

Kilns 46.. 

Hand 30., 

Steam, &c 458.. 

Hand 8. 

Water 33. 

Steam, &c 16., 

Water 4. 

Steam, &c 14.. 

Water, &c 502.. 

" 185.. 

" .. .. 2.. 

" 186.. 

Steam 53. 

" 14., 

Water 9. 

" 175.. 

" 304.. 

" 13., 

Hand 262.. 

" 42., 

Steam 22. 

" 210.. 

" 35.. 

Hand 7.. 

" 274., 

* 60.. 

" 4. 

" 5., 

" 8., 

" 6., 

" 117.. 

" 7. 

" 5,. 

" 163., 

•' 2. 

" 59., 

Steam, &c 372.. 



Average 

Slonthly Value of 
Co.iit of Annual 

Labor. Products. 

.-38,112 2,021,396 

• -. 540 35,000 

... 465 29,400 

.. 216 13,750 

... 120 7,500 

.. 270 27,000 

..4,011 224,100 

.. 190 20,500 

... 250 44,000 

..6,144 319,240 

-.2,3.53 136,000 

...2,259 27.3,600 

.15,444 515,862 

..1,000 25,000 

... 929 6.5,800 

.26,671 1,048,250 

..1,600 1.56,050 

... 390 19,675 

.. 60 3,000 

..2,426 .52,000 

.. 766 29.900 

-.2,223 53,500 

..5,652 243,483 

... 54 1,725 

... 220 18,250 

... 350 8,900 

... 120 4,200 

.. 240 6,000 

.. 660 22,800 

.. 75 2,000 

,.. 411 12,.500 

.. 689 28,725 

..1,065 3.5,150 

.12,591 497,.550 

... 100 5,000 

... 557 56,740 

.. 362 24,274 

... 53 5,350 

.. 293 31,560 

..9,055 4,918,576 

..2,806 539,689 

.. 30 1,400 

..2,401 234,365 

,..1,300 185,290 

.. 320 21,500 

... 189 16,750 

..5,015 282,531 

..5,191 399,778 

.. 206 21,525 

..2,374 151,900 

..1,250 49,000 

... 442 27,312 

..5,450 196,000 

.. 732 8,975 

.. 175 1,596 

...5,344 171,675 

..1,345 147,550 

... 160 10,000 

.. 100 12,000 

... 230 8,300 

,.. 155 4,000 

..1,578 63,000 

,.. 183 15,.500 

,.. 132 9,800 

..5,396 124,550 

,.. 50 1,500 

..1,865 88,750 

..7,552 379,569 



• Of the 28 printers and publishers returned in the census, 2 are returned for Anne Arundel County. 17 for 
the City of Baltimore, and 9 for Washington County. Thus it would appear that 18 counties have no printers 



GENERAL ACCOUNT OP THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 



No. of 
Name of Business or Establish- 
Manufacture. meats. 

Printers, lithographic, &c. .... 2.. 

" music 1.. 

Pyrotechnists 1.. 

Rail-road machinery 4.. 

Regalia makers 3., 

Saddlers, &c 71.. 

Safe makers 1 . . 

Sail makers 24.. 

Screw-dock company 1.. 

Ship builders 24.. 

" joiners 13.. 

" smiths 16.. 

Silver platers 2.. 

Silversmiths, jewelers and 

watchmakers 31.. 

Soap and candle makers. (See cha 

Soap-stone quarries 1. 

" manufacturers 1. 

Steam-engine makers 2. 

Stonecutters 29. 

" quarriers 6. 

Stove makers 19. 

Sugar refiners 2. 

Tanners 116. 

Tinners 69. 

Turners 8., 

Umbrella makers 7. 

Upholsterers 14., 

Varnish makers 1. 

Vinegar makers 2. 

Weavers 16. 

Wheelwiights 33. 

Whip and cane makers 3. 

White -lead makers 1. 

White and lock smiths. ...... 10. 

Wig and curl makers 2. 

Wire-workers 5. 



Value 
Capital of Raw 

Invested. Material. 

.. 9,600 .3,750 

.. 10,000 2,200 

.. 5,000 900 

.. 81,500 37,541 

.. 5,500 31,600 

.. 90,195 90,834 

200 664 

.. 21,680 121,526 

.. 30,000 4,750 

..164,000 273,985 

.. 14,220 32,155 

.. 17,600 23,738 

.. 8,600 5,500 

.. 55,400 93,611 

ndlers.] 

4,700 — 

...100,000 8,000 

...125,000 66,279 

...139,050 112,425 

... 6,000 — 

...271,500 320,875 

... 62,000 184,040 

...628,900 725,612 

... 91,325 113,483 

. .. 9,925 25,350 

... 9,300 23,948 

24,200 36,290 

1,200 1,378 

350 2,365 

8,396 22,416 

10,675 15,124 

10,650 16,650 

25,000 24,000 

6,422 7,721 

5,800 4,450 

5,800 5,450 



Average 
Power Hands 

Employed. Employed. 

Hand 20.. 



" 10.. 

Steam 187.., 

Hand 72.. 

" 285.. 

" 2.. 

'• ....112.. 

Steam 15.. 

Hand 673.., 

" 82.. 

" 109.. 

" 16.. 

" 120.. 



Average 

Monthly Value ot 

Cost of Annual 

Labor. Products. 

.. 700 16,500 

.. 300 20,000 

: 130 7,000 

..5,892 136,550 

.. 860 50,500 

..6,920 222,053 

.. 64 2,228 

..3,170 211,530 

.. 580 15,000 

.26,722 832,100 

..3,207 89,500 

..2,614 91,700 

.. 503 15,000 



.4,124 236,175 



10... 



Steam 20. 

" 330. 

Hand 283. 

" 65. 

Steam 413. 

" 19. 

" 479. 

Hand 253. 

Steam 21. 

Hand 50. 

'• 76. 

" 2. 

" 3. 

Looms 37. 

Hand 85. 

" 36. 

Steam 20. 

Hand 33. 

" 12. 

« 15. 



. 260 4,500 

. 720 20,000 

10,725 227,000 

.9,340 278,364 

.1,620 49,850 

12.259 665,000 

. 560 303,500 

.8,034 1.103,139 

.6,628 262,117 

,. 586 50,050 

.. 760 49,572 

.1,557 78,160 

. 80 3,400 

,. 64 4,090 

. 676 36,025 

.1,804 51,029 

. 618 27,950 

. 600 42,000 

. 895 27,900 

. 172 8,000 

. 510 16,500 



Aggregate 3,708 $14,753,143 $17,326,734 



30,124 $614,556 $32,477,702 



Of the hands eniployed in the above industrial establishments, 22,641 were 
males and 7,483 females. The principal businesses in which the females are em- 
ployed are — boot and shoe factories, which employ 634 ; clothing establishments, 
which employ 3,554; cotton factories, which employ 2,035; and millineries, 
which employ 262 ; the residue of the aggregate being engaged in other occupa- 
tions of minor importance, but chiefly those in which dress, decorations, and fancy 
articles are manufactured. The monthly cost of the labor of the average number of 
male hands employed in 1850 was $544,931, or about $24 to each hand, and the 
monthly cost of the average number of female hands employed was $69,625, or 
about $9 31 to each hand. The wages paid to hands, however, necessarily varies 
with the description of employment. The average wages of a carpenter is about 
$1 25 a day. Farm hands average, with board, S7 88 a month ; a day-laborer, 
with board, earns on an average $0 49, and without board, an average of $0 69 ; 
and average weekly wages to a female domestic, with board, is $0 89. The 



within their limits ; yet in the returns of the newspaper press, (published under the Census Commissioner's name 
in Livingston's Law Register for 1852,) it is there shown that in the counties which are apparently without 
printers and publishers, there are no less than 32 newspapers issued from no less than 24 several towns and vil- 
lages. There must be some omission here, else the printers of Maryland must be the veritable descendants of 
Dr. Faustus, and print by the power of magic, or some other spiritnal agency, which the census takers could 
not assess. The amount of capital invested therein, the raw material consumed, or the annual product thereof, 
are under the circumstances, no doubt, purposely omitted, although an e:sposition on these points would have 
been very interesting. 



GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 



37 



average price of board to laboring men is $1 75 a week, varying from $1 37 to 
$2 35 ill the several counties. 

In regard of foreign commerce Maryland ranks fifth or sixth amoiig the 
United States. Its intercourse is chiefly with the northern German ports, the 
"West Indies, and South America. According to the Report of the Register of 
the U. S. Treasury on Commerce and Navigation, for the year ending the 30th 
June, 1850, the exports from Baltimore were valued at 16,967,353, and the im- 
ports to $6,124,201, of which the following are the details : 

In American Vessels. In Foreign Vessels. Total. 

Exports— Domestic produce $4,657,185 $1,0:52,296 $6,589,481 

" Foreign produce 250,861 127,011 377,872 



Total exports $4,908,046 $2,059,307. 

Imports 5,529,682 594,519. 



Aggregate Exports and Imports $10,437,728 $2,653,826. 



. $C,9C7,353 
. 6,124,201 

.$13,091,554 



The character, tonnage, and crews of the shipping employed in the foreign trade 
were as follows : 



CHARACTER. 



-CLKAEED 



Vessels. Tonnage. Crews. Vessels. Tonnage. Crews. 

American 359 89,296 3,605, 295 70,427 2,770 

Foreign 162 37,-523 1,670 143 29,161 1,341 



Total 521. 



.126,819 5,275. 



.438 



99,588 



4,111 



The total amount of registered shipping owned within the district of Baltimore 
was 67,061 tons permanently registered, and 23,608 tons temporarily registered. 
The tonnage of the state and of the districts to which it belonged, exclusive of the 
above, was as follows : 

Licen'sed 
DISTRICT. Enrolled. (under 20 tons.) TotaL Steam Shipping. 

Baltimore 57,612 737 58,349 13,114 

Oxford 12,066 277 12,343 — 

Vienna 14,942 536 15,478 — 

Snow Hill 9,226 286 9,512 — 

St. Mary's 2,143 42 2,185 — 

Town Creek 2,227 — 2,227 — 

Annapolis 2,298 24 2,322 336 



Total. 



.100,514 1,902 102,416 13,450 



The number of vessels built within the state, in the year 1849-50, was 150, 
with a total burden of 15,964 tons : of which were built in Baltimore 16 ships, 5 
brigs, 41 schooners, and 4 steamers, in the aggregate 11,683 tons; in Oxford 31 
schooners of 1,757 tons ; in Vienna 27 schooners of 1,533 tons, and in Snow 
Hill 26 schooners of 990 tons. 

Commerce of Maryland from 1790 to 1850. 



Years.'' 


Domestic. 


— EXPOttTS- 
Foreign. 


Total." '^'f""*" 


Years. 


. EXPORTS 

Domestic. Foreign. 


Total. "" 


PORT 


1791,$ 





— 


$ 2,239,691$ 


— 


1803,. 


.$3,707,040$ 1,371,022$ 


5,078.062 


— 


1792, 


— 


— 


2,623,808 


— 


1804,. 


. 3,938,840 5,213,099 


9,151,939 


— 


1793, 


— 


— 


3 665,056 


— 


ISO."),. 


. 3,408,543 7,450,937 


10,859,480 


— 


1794, 


— 


— 


5,686,191 


— 


1806,. 


. . 3,661,131 10,919,774 


14,580,905 


— 


1795, 


— 


— 


5,811,380 


— 


1807,. 


. . 4,016,699 10,282,285 


14,298,984 


— 


1796, 


— 


— 


9,201,315 


— 


1808,. 


. . 764,922 1,9.56,184 


2,721,106 


— 


1797, 


— 


— 


9,811,380 


— 


1809,. 


.. 2,.57 0,957 4,056,369 


6,627,326 


— 


1798, 


— 


— 


12,746,190 


— 


1810,. 


.. 3,275,904 3,213,114 


6,489,018 


— 


1799. 


— 


— 


16,299,609 


— 


1811,. 


.. 4,.5.53,582 2,280,405 


6,833,987 


— 


1800, 


— 


— 


12,264,331 


— 


1812,. 


.. 3,9.56,093 1,929,886 


5.885,979 


— 


1801, 


— 


— 


12,767,530 


— 


1813,. 


.. 2,782,073 1,00.5,792 


3,787,865 


— 


aeo2, 


— 


— 


7,914,225 


— 


1814,. 


. . 238,235 10,199 


248,434 


— 



* No returns of the value of imports prior to 1821. 



38 



GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 











IHFORTB. 


Years. 




--B.KPORTS - 

Foreign, 


Total. 




Years. 


Domestic. 


Foreign. 


Total. 


Domestic. 


IMPORTS 


1815,. 


. . 4,086,274 


950,327 


.5,036,601 





1833,. 


.. 3,301,014 


761,453 


4,002.467 


5,437,057 


1816,. 


.. 4,834,490 


2,504,277 


7,338.767 





1834,. 


.. 3,012,708 


1,15.5,537 


4,168.245 


4,647,483 


1817,. 


.. 5,887,884 


3,046,046 


8,933,930 





1835,. 


.. 3,176,866 


748,368 


3,925.234 


5,647,153 


1818,. 


.. 4,945,322 


3,625,412 


8,570,634 





1836,. 


. 3,028,916 


646,559 


3,675,475 


7,131,867 


1819,. 


.. 3,648,067 


2,278,140 


5,926,216 





1837,. 


. 3,365,173 


424,744 


3,789,917 


7,857,033 


1820,. 


.. 4,681,598 


1,927,766 


6,609,364 





1838,. 


.. 4,165,168 


359,407 


4,524,575 


5,701,869 


1821,. 


.. 2,714,850 


1,135,544 


3,8.j0,394$4,070,841 


1839,. 


. 4,313.189 


263.372 


4.576,,'=61 


6,995,285 


1822,. 


.. 3,496,993 


1,039,803 


4,-536,796 


4,792.486 


1840,. 


. 5,495,020 


273,748 


5,768,768 


4,910,746 


1823,. 


.. 3,173,112 


1,857,116 


5,030,228 


4,946,179 


1841,. 


. 4,789,160 


158,006 


4,947,166 


6,101,313 


1824,. 


. 3,549,957 


1,313,276 


4,863,233 


4,551,442 


1842,. 


. 4,635,507 


269,259 


4,904.766 


4.417,078 


1825,. 


.. 3.092,365 


1,408,939 


4,,501,304 


4,751,815 


1843,. 


. 4,820,215 


195,342 


5,015,556 


2,479,133 


1826,. 


.. 2,947,352 


1,063.396 


4,010.748 


4.928.569 


1844,. 


.. 4,841,950 


291,216 


5,133,166 


3,917,750 


1827,. 


.. 3,457,691 


1,058,715 


4,516,406 


4,405,708 


1845,. 


.. 6,744,110 


124,945 


6.869,053 


4,042,915 


1828,. 


.. 3,107,819 


1,226,603 


4,334,422 


5,629,694 


1846,. 


. 6,744,110 


124,945 


6,869,055 


4,042,915 


1829,. 


. 3,662.273 


1,142,192 


4,804.4.55 


4.804,135 


1847,. 


. 9,632,360 


129,884 


9,762,244 


4,432,314 


1830,. 


. 3,075,985 


715,497 


3,791,482 


4,.523,S66 


1848,. 


. 7,016,034 


113,748 


7,129,782 


5,343,643 


1831,. 


.. 3,730,506 


578,141 


4,308,647 


4,826,577 


1849,. 


. 7,786,695 


213,965 


8,000.660 


4,976.731 


1832,. 


. 3,015,873 


1,484,045 


4,499,918 


4,629,303 


1850,. 


. 6,589,461 


377,872 


6,967,353 


6,124,201 



The total value of real and personal estate in the several counties, as assessed 
for taxation, and the true valuation thereof as stated in the census returns ; and 
the amount of ta.xes collected in each county for the year 1849-50, are exhibited 
in the following table : 



-Real and Personal Estate.- 



COIJNTIES. 



Amount of 
taxation. 



Assessed value. True valuation. 

Alleghany $ 4,205,453 $ 5,080,635 $ 37,429 

Anne Arundel 9,774.931 11,243,624 31,931 

Baltimore 13,546.132 13,546,132 70,880 

Baltimore city 80,237,960 80,237,960 617,994 

Calvert 2,151,9.52 2,474,096 14,950 

Caroline 1,421,826 1,421,826 11,497 

Carroll 6,629,812 6,629,812 30,834 

Cecil ' 5,191,099 6,500,000 38,386 

Charles 3,330,717 6,645,891 20,859 

Dorchester 4,635,105 4,635,105 39.561 

Frederick 18,773,926 20,455,298 98,892 

Harford 5,087,990 5,087,990 41,686 

Kent "' 4,574,821 4,574,821 32,472 

Montgomery 4,523,800 4,523,800 26,256 

PrinceGeorse 11,711,254 11,921,478 18,283 

Queen Anne 3,967.277 3,967,277 35,513 

Somerset 3,303,935 4,129,919 23,383 

St Mary's 3,972,100 3,972,100 21,246 

Talbot 4,541.295 4,541,295 50,226 

Washington 1.499,231* 1,499,231* 57,758 

Worcester 3,523,009 4,169,233 14,393 



Total. 



,603,625 $207,257,523 $1,334,429 



Of the total taxation $444,866 was for state purposes ; $380,727 county tax ; 
$89,810 school tax; $22,651 poor tax; $14,866 road tax; and $381,509 tax for 
other purposes. The details of these, as respects the several counties, are stated 
in another part of this work. 

The afTo-regate number of paupers supported by all the counties within the year 
endino- I'st June, 1850, was 4,458, of which 2,555 were native born, and 1,903 
foreio'ners • and the whole number of the same class receiving relief at the date 
specified, was 1,936 — namely, 1,618 natives, and 318 foreigners. The total cost 
to the counties was $71,668. 

The whole number of criminals convicted yrithin the year ending 1st June, 

» The ficures given are those of the census return ; a casual glance wiU show that there is some error in the 
sum as respects Washington county, and it is probable that the valuation is not less than ton times the 
amount stated. 



GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 



39 



1850, was 207, of which 183 were natives, and 24 foreigners ; and the number in 
prison at that date, undergoing the penalties inflicted, was 397, of which 325 were 
natives, and 72 foreigners. 

The provisions for education in Maryland, though by no means sufficient for the 
amount of population in the state, are still very respectable. The law with re- 
gard to schools has been recently amended, and in consonance with its provi- 
sions the counties have been divided into school districts, in which it is impera- 
tive on the inhabitants to establish and support schools for a certain period in 
each year. Many of the counties, however, have not yet complied with the law ; 
but nevertheless there have been gi-eat improvements effected, and the prospect of 
future efficiency in all that pertains to public schools is very promismg. The 
means of obtaining education in this state, as they existed on 1st June, 1850, are 
returned in the census as follows : 



Academies and 
other schools. 



Colleges and 
Universities. 



Primary and 
Public schools. 

Number of establishments 923 174 12 

Number of teachers 1,104 427 95 

Number of scholars, &c 34,467 7,759 1,112 

Total annual income $225,260 $206,430 $124,714 

Ft* : income from endowment 2,959 12,365 

" from taxation 75,296 

« from public funds 67,412 15,227 3,200 

" from other sources 79,563 178,808 121,514 



The whole number of white children who attended school within, or during 
any part of the year, was 60,447, of which 32,214 were males, and 28,233 fe- 
males ; and the total number of free colored children was 1,616, of which 886 
were males, and 730 females. Of all classes, amounting to 62,063, those of na- 
tive birth numbered 60,386, and those of foreign birth, 1,677. 

Of those classed " adults who cannot read and write," the whites numbered 
20,815, of whom 8,557 were males, and 12,258 females, and the free colored 
numbered 21,062, of which 9,422 were males, and 11,640 females. Of the total 
number of white persons in this class 17,364 were native born, and 3,451 
foreigners. 

The total number of public libraries in the state was 17, containing 54,750 
volumes ; private libraries 325, containing 222,455 volumes ; school libraries 8, 
containing 6,335 volumes ; Sunday school libraries 84, containing 28,315 vol- 
umes ; college libraries 10, containing 33,792 volumes ; and church libraries 5, 
contaming 1,850 volumes. Total, 449 libraries, and 347,497 volumes. 

The statistics of the public press of the state present the following generalities 
respecting the number of periodicals published, and the aggregate number of 
copies printed annually : 



Circulation Copies annn- 
ChArect«r. No. of each issue, ally printed. 

Xeligious 6 13,950 669,400 

Political— whig 22 19,172 2,739,744 

" democratic 17 12,465. ...1,457,180 

Miscellaneous .20 71,000... .14,654,000 

Agricultural 1 6.000 72,000 

Musical 1 1,000 12,000 

Colonization 1 700 8,400 



Total 68 124,287... .19,612,784 



Copies 
Character, Mo. annusUy printed. 

Daily 6 15,806,500 

Tri-Weekly 4 499,700 

Weekly 54 3,166,124 

Semi-monthly 1 43.000 

Monthly 3 92,400 

Total .68 19,612,724 



The following is a detailed list of the newspapers published in Maryland. It 
is not given in the official census sent in to Congress by the commissioner ; but it 
is taken from the list of newspapers and periodicals furnished to and published 
in Livingston's Law Register for 1852, by the " Hon, J. C. G. Kemiedy, of the 
Census Ofllice," and may be considered as officially correct : 



40 



GENERAL ACOOtTNT OF THE STATE OP MARYLAND. 



Name. Town and Co. Issued. 

Cumb. Cirilian.... Cumberland, Alleff...W. 

Alleghanian " " " .. 

Unionist " " .... " . 

Md. Kepublicau.. Annapolis, Anne Ar... " . 

Free Press " " " . 

Howard Gazette.. Ellicotts Mills. " " . 

Bait. Co. Advocate Baltimore, Bolt... " . 



Luth. Chr. Messenger.. 
Baltimore Suu 

do do 

do Clipper 

do do 

Baltimore American 

do do 

do. do 

do Patriot 

do do 

Republican and Argus. 

do do 

do do 

German Correapondent. 

Baltimore Herald , 

American Farmer 

Methodist Protestant. . , 

Catholic Mirror 

Baltimore Olio 

Colonization Journal. .. 

Free Union 

Lutheran Observer 

German Catholic 

Maryland Reformer 



..S. M.. 
....D.. 

....D.. 



" " Dl 

" " -T.WS 

" " ....W) 

" " DJ 

" " .T.W5 

" " D> 

" " .T. W> 

" "....W> 



Clmr, Circ, 
Whig... 400 
Dem....405 
.Neut...400 
,Dem....700 
. " ....500 
Misc. 550 

Rel..'.2,000 

Neut.. 30,000 

" .18,000 

" ..8,000 

" ..5,000 

Whig. 5,500 



D. 

".T.W. 

" M. 

"-...W. 
" ....W. 

" M. 

" M. 

" ....W.. 
"....W. 
"....W. 
..W 



" ..4,200 

Dem.. 5,000 

.Indep.4,000 
Dcm.. 1,000 
Agri.. 6,000 
Rel... 3,700 
Rel... 1,500 



Name. Town and Co. Issued. 

Cecil Democrat Elkton, Cecil.. W. 

Port Tobacco Times. ..Pt. Tob., Chas. .W. 

Denton Journal Denton, Caroline. .W. 

Cam. Chronicle Cambridge, Dnr..W. 

do.. Democrat " " ..W 

The Star Frederick, Fred..\V 

Banner of Liberty " " . W. 

Caloctin Whig, Catoctin, " W. 

E.xaminer Frederick, " W. 

Frederick Herald " " W. 

Republican Citizen " .... " W. 

Emra'b'gStar Emmittsburg, " W. 

Madisonian Hav. de Grace, Har. . W. 

Gazette Bel-Air, " ...W. 

Republican " " ...W. 

Kent News Charlcstown. Kent..W . 

Maryland Journal... Rockville, Monig. . W. 
Marlboro' Gazette. Up. .Marlbo.' P. Geo. .W. 
Cent, Times Ceiitreville, Q. Anne . .W . 

do.. Sentinel " " W. 

Somerset Herald Pr. Anne, Som..W. 

Beacon Leonardtown, St. Mary' s . .\V . 

Easton Gazette Easton, Talbot. .W. 

do.. .Star " " ....W. 

The Odd-Fellow. ...Boonsboro', fFash..\V. 



Mus.. 1,000 I Clear Spring Sentinel. CI. Spring, " ...W. 

Col'u...700 I Hagerstowu News.Hagerstown,.. " W. 

Rel 750 I Herald of Freedom " " ...W. 

.Rel. ..4,000 I Hagerstown Mail " " ...W. 

Rel.. .2,000; People's Own " " ...W. 

Dem.... 800 Torchlight " " ...W. 

Whig.. .700 Republican " " ...W. 

Dem 400 , Casket " " ...W. 

Whig. ..500 [Worcester Shield.... Snow Hill, fforc.W. 
D. daily ; W. weekly ; T. W. tri-iceekly ; S. M. semi-monthly ; and M. monthly. 



Carrolltonian. . .Westminster, Carroll.. W.. 

Carroll Co. Democrat.. " " W.. 

Cecil Whig Elkton, Cecil. .W.. 



Char. Circ, 
.Dem.... 500 
.Neut.... 300 
.Liter.. '.100 
.Whi?....300 
..Dem.... 360 
..Liter.. 200 
.Whig... 600 
.Whig... 500 
.Whig... 150 
.Whig.. .600 

.Dem 800 

.Liter,... 200 
.Dem... .400 
.Whig... 300 
.Dem... .300 
.Whig. ..500 
.Whig... 600 
.Neut... .WO 
.Whig... 400 
.Dem. ..200 
.Whi2...500 
.Indep...30O 
.Whig... 372 
.Dem ...400 
.Neut... 350 
.Whig... 450 
.Neut... 800 
.Whig... 700 
.Dem.... 800 
.Neut.... 500 
.Whig... 700 
.Dem.... 300 
.Neut.. 1,400 
.Whig... 400 



The statistics of churches, as returned in the census, are very meagre. From 
the table of occupations, (see page 31,) we learn that the whole number of clergy- 
men is 430, and the following are the figures relating to church buildings, church 
accommodation, and church property : 



Character or 
Denomination. 



Number of 
Churches. 



Aggregate 
Accommodation. 



Value of 
Property. 

Baptist 45 15,950 $130,710 

Church of God, 2 650 1,700 

Covenanter 1 600 2,000 

Evangelical Reformed 2 2,100 40,000 

Friend or Quaker 26 7.760 114,050 

German Reformed 22 14,800 197.800 

Jewish 3 1,400 41,000 

Lutheran 40 24,700 247,950 

Mennonite 4 850 2,000 

Methodist 479 181,715 837,665 

Presbyterian 56 22,635 376,300 

Protestant Episcopal 133 60,105 610,877 

Roman Catholic 65 31,100 1,1 6 1,532* 

Tunker 6 3,300 8,400 

Union or Free 10 4,250 13,000 

Unitarian 1 1,000 104,000 

United Brethren (Moravian) 12 5,350 32,500 

Universalist 1 1,000 26,000 

Winebrennarian 1 200 400 



Total. 



.909. 



.379,465 $3,947,884 



The following statistics are taken from returns published by the several 
churches about the year 1851, 

The Baptist Church in Maryland consists of the Regular and the Anti-Mission 
Baptists : the Regular church, in 1850, was comprised in one association, and 
embraced 22 churches, 18 licensed ministers, and 2,004 members ; and the Anti- 

* One of the Roman Catholic churches, the cathedral at Baltimore, has property reported as valued a» 
$495,000. 



GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 41 

Mission church was comprised in two associations, and embraced 23 churches, 
8 ordained and 3 licensed ministers. 

The Methodist Church is comprised in the Conference of Baltimore, and in the 
Methodist Episcopal Church North, and in 1850 embraced 253 traveling, 25 super- 
annuated, and 303 local preachers, and 68,855 church members, of which 15,802 
were colored persons. There were at that time 539 Sunday schools attached to 
the church, with 7,112 teachers, and 33,805 scholars. 

The Protestant Upiscopal Church is comprised in the Diocese of Maryland, 
which also includes the District of Columbia, and consists of a bishop, 122 clergy- 
men, and 7,138 communicants. It has also connected with it 327 Sunday school 
teachers, and 2,167 scholars ; a corporation for the relief of the widows and chil- 
dren of deceased clergymen ; a Prayer Book, Homily and Tract Society, and the 
following several colleges and schools — College of St. James, near Hagerstown ; 
St. Timothy's Hall, Catonsville ; Patapsco Female Institute, Ellicott Mills ; 
Hannah More Academy for Girls ; St. John's Institute, Mt. Alban, D. C. ; St. 
Mary's Hall, Baltimore, and Trinity School, Baltimore. The College of St. 
James is one of the best in the country, and has a very efficient professional 
staff. In 1850, it had in the college class 42 students ; and in the grammar 
school 53. 

The Roman Catholic Church is comprised in the Arch-diocese of Baltimore, 
which also includes the District of Columbia. This is the oldest see in the United 
States. 

The statistics of this ai-ch-diocese, given in the Catholic Almanac for 1850, ex- 
hibits the followmg details : Churches, 70 ; churches building, 4 ; chapels, 9 ; other 
stations, 10 ; clergymen, on the mission, 57 ; clergymen otherwise employed, 46 ; 
Catholic population about 100,000 ; ecclesiastical seminaries, 6 ; clerical students, 
98 ; literary institutions for young men, 5 ; female religious institutions, 7 ; 
female academies, 7 ; free schools, 12 ; charitable institutions, orphan asylums, 
&c., 23. The Ecclesiastical Seminaries are St. Mary's Theological Seminaries, 
under charge of the Sulpitians; Mount St. Mary's Theological Seminary, 
near Emmittsburg ; the Noviciate of the Society of Jesus, at Frederick City ; 
St. Charles' College, near Baltimore ; the Seminary and Noviciate of the Ke- 
demptionists, and the Congregation of the Mission, near Emmittsburg. The 
Literary/ Institutions for Young Men, within the arch-diocese, are — St. Mary's 
College, at Baltimore ; Georgetown College, D. C. ; Mt. St. Mary's College, near 
Emmittsburg ; St. John's College, Frederick City, and Washington Seminary, 
D. C. ; and the Convents and Female Academies are — the Convent and Academy 
of the Visitation, at Georgetown ; the Convent and Academy of the Visitation, at 
Baltimore ; the Convent and Academy of the Visitation, at Washington, D. C. ; 
the Convent and Academy of the Visitation, at Frederick City ; St. Joseph's 
Sisterhood and St. Joseph's Academy, near Emmittsburg ; the Carmelite Convent, 
and Carmelite Sisters' Academy, Baltimore ; the Sisters of Notre Dame, Balti- 
more ; St. Vincent's School for Girls, Baltimore ; St. Peter's School for Girls, 
Baltimore ; and the School for Colored Girls, Baltimore. 

The Universalist Church consists of three societies, and has three meeting 
houses, and two preachers. The census only returns one church (at Baltimore) 
belonging to this denomination, but the U. Almanac for 1851, reports one at Elk- 
ton, and one at Woodboro', in addition. 

With these returns are included all the statistics embraced in the census, and 
also the statistics of commerce ; and here might be concluded this general ac- 
count of the state. Since the taking of the census, however, several essential 
alterations, as before intimated, have been made in the state constitution, and in 
the organization of the government, an accoimt of which will no doubt be looked 
for in a work of this description. The following abstract is therefore submitted : 



42 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 



ABSTRACT OF THE CONSTITUTION OF MARYLAND. 

Done in Convention \Zth May, \^h\— Ratified by the People Ath June, 1851— 
Went into operation Ath July, 1851. 

Every free white male citizen of the United States, 21 years of age. resident 
in the state one year, and in the county, town, or city, where he offers to vote, 
for six months next preceding the election, may vote. Citizens removing to 
another town or city shall be allowed to vote in the place they have left, until 
they have acquired a residence in the place to which they have removed. Per- 
sons convicted of giving or receiving bribes, and persons knowingly casting illegal 
votes, shall be forever disqualified to hold any office of profit or trust, or to vote 
at any election thereafter ; and in addition hereto laws shall be passed to punish 
them with fine and imprisonment. No citizen convicted of larceny or other in- 
famous crime, unless pardoned, and no lunatic or non compos, can vote, 

A Governor shall be chosen on the 1st Wednesday in November, by a plurality 
of votes, and his term shall commence on the 2d Wednesday in January following, 
and shall continue 4 years. He must be 30 years of age, a citizen of the United 
States, and a resident of the state for the 5 years next preceding his election, and 
3 years a resident of the district from which he is elected. The state shall be 
divided into 3 districts,* and the Governor shall be elected from each district suc- 
cessively. He shall reside during his term at the seat of government, and have 
the annual salary of $3,600. He may grant pardons, but not until after a publi- 
cation in the newspapers of the applications made therefor, and of the day when 
the hearing will be had, and he shall report every case to the legislature. In case 
of vacancy, the President of the Senate, and, after him, the Speaker of the House 
of Delegates, shall act as Governor, until an election by the people. A Secretary 
of State shall be appointed by the Governor, to hold office during his own term, 
at an annual salary of $1,000. The Governor shall semi-annually, or oftener, ex- 
amine the accounts of the State Treasurer and Controller. He may employ 
counsel, when necessary. He may appoint the Adjutant-General, with the con- 
sent of the Senate, to hold office for six years. 

Senators, 22 in number, are chosen one from each county and Baltimore city, 
and hold office for four years. They must be citizens of the United States, 
25 years of age, residents of the state for three years next preceding the election, 
and the last year, of the district. They shall be divided into two classes ; the first 
shall vacate their seats in two years, and the second in four years, and afterwards 
one-half shall be chosen every two years. Delegates, not more than 80 nor less 
than G5 in number, shall be chosen for two years, from single districts. They 
must be citizens of the United States, 21 years of age, 3 years next preceding the 
election residents of the state, and the last year thereof of the district. After the 
returns of each federal census are published, commencing with that of 1 860, the 
Assembly shall re-apportion the delegates according to population, but Baltimore 
city shall always have four delegates more than the most populous county, and no 
county shall have less than two members. Members shall be paid $4 per diem, 
and mileage. The presiding officer of each house shall be allowed an addition of 
$1 per diem. After the first two sessions under the new constitution, no session 
shall continue longer than the 10th of March. Any five may call for the yeas and 
nays on any question, in the House of Delegates, and one, in the Senate. Teach- 
ers of religion, and those holding offices of profit under the state or the United 

* Gubernatorial Districts.— First. St. Mary, Charles, Calvert, Prince George, Anne- Arundel, Mont- 
gomery, Howard, and Baltimore City. 2(i. The eight counties of the Eastern Shore. 3d. Baltimore, 
Harford, Frederick, Washington, Alleghany, Carroll. 



GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 43 

States, except justices of the peace, are ineligible to the Assembly. The members 
of each House shall have the usual exemption from arrest, and freedom of speech. 
Two-thirds of each House may expel a member, but no member shall be expelled 
twice for the same offence. After 185-4 the sessions of the legislature shall be bi- 
ennial. At the first session after the adoption of the constitution, the legislature 
shall appoint two commissioners to revise and. codify the laws of the state, and 
one or more to revise and simplify the practice, form of pleading and of convey- 
ancing. No bill shall become a law, unless passed by a majority of all the mem- 
bers elected, and on its final passage the ayes and noes be recorded. No law shall 
take effect until the 1st of June after the session when it was passed. No law shall be 
passed creating the office of Attorney-General. Persons in any way engaged in any 
duel shall be forever incapable from holding any office of honor or trust in the 
state. Holders of public money are ineligible to any office of profit or trust, until 
they pay the same into the Treasury. The Assembly shall pass laws to protect 
and secure the property of married women. Imprisonment for debt is abolished, 
and the legislature shall exempt a reasonable amount of a debtor's property, not 
exceeding S500, from execution. The relation of master and slave, us now exist- 
ing, shall not be altered by the legislature. No bank shall be established, except 
with the individual liability of the stockholders to the extent of their shares. Cor- 
porations may be formed under general laws, but shall not be created by special 
acts, except for municipal purposes and in other special cases. Private property 
shall not be taken for public use, unless compensation is first paid or tendered. 
The rate of interest shall not exceed six per cent, per annum. In all criminal 
cases the jury shall be judges of the law as well as facts. All officers, except the 
Governor, whose pay exceeds $3,000 per annum, shall account for the excess on 
oath. 

There shall be a Court of Appeals, with appellate jurisdiction only, the judges 
whereof, four in number, shall be elected from districts* by the voters therein, for 
ten years, unless they shall before reach the age of 70. They must be above 
30 years of age, citizens of the. state at least 5 years, residents of the judicial dis- 
tricts from which they are elected, and have been admitted to practice in the state. 
Tlie Court of Appeals shall appoint its own clerk, to hold office for six years, and 
who may be re-appointed at the end thereof. When any judge of any court is in- 
terested in a case or connected with any of the parties by affinity or consan- 
guinity within the proscribed degrees, the Governor may commission the requisite 
number of persons, learned in the law, for the trial and determination of the case. 
The Governor, with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall designate one of the 
four judges elected as chief justice. The present Chancellor and Register in 
Chancery shall continue in office until July 4, 1853, w^hen their offices shall be 
abolished. No new business shall be done in said court. The state shall be 
divided into 8 judicial circuits,f each of which shall elect a judge of the Circuit 
Court for 10 years. The qualifications of the judges shall be the same as those of 
the Court of Appeals, except that they must be citizens of the United States, and 
residents for two years in their judicial district. Clerks of the Circuit Court shall 
be elected in each county by the qualified voters for six years. There shall be 
in the city of Baltimore a Court of Common Pleas, with jurisdiction in civil cases 
between $100 and §500, and exclusive jurisdiction in appeals from justices of the 
peace in that city ; and a Superior Court, with jurisdiction in cases over $500. 
Each of these courts shall consist of one judge, elected by the people for 10 years, 

* Judicial Districts for Court of Appeals,— Firat. Alleghany, Washington, F ederick, Carroll, Balti- 
more, Harlord. ^d. Monigoniery. Howard, Anne-Arundel, Calvert, St. Mary, Charles, Prince George. 
3d. Bahiniore City. Ath. Cecil.'Kent. Queen Anne, Talbot, Caroline, Dorchester, Somerset, "Worcester. 

t Jiidinal Circuits. — First. St. Marv, Cliarles, Prince George, ^d. Anne-Arnndel, Howard, Mont- 
gomery, Calvert. 3d. Frederick, Carroll. 4ih. Washington. Alleghany. 5th. Baltimore City. Gtk. Bal- 
timore, Harford, Cecil. Tlk. Kent, Queen Anne, Talbot, Caroline. 8tA. Dorchester, Somerset, Wor- 
cester. 



44 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 



with a salary of $2,500 per annum. There shall also be a Criminal Court, consist- 
ing of one judge, elected for six years, with a salary of $2,000. Clerks of the 
Circuit Courts in each county, and of the Baltimore Courts, are chosen for six years, 
and are re-eligible. There shall be elected in each county, and in Baltimore city, 
three persons as judges of the Orphans' Court, for four years, and a Register of 
Wills for 6 years, and justices of the peace and constables for two years. Two 
sheriffs shall be elected in each county, and in the city of Baltimore, for the term 
of 2 years, who shall be ineligible for the 2 years next succeeding, one of whom 
the Governor shall commission as sheriff, and the other shall act when the first is 
absent or disqualified. Sheriffs must be residents of the counties from which they 
are chosen, citizens of the state 5 years preceding the election, and above 21 years 
of age. Attorneys for the commonwealth shall be chosen in each county by the 
people, for 4 years. They must have been admitted to practice law in the state, 
and residents in their county for one year. A Controller shall be chosen by the 
people at each election of delegates, and a Treasurer shall be appointed by a joint 
vote of the legislature. Each shall have an annual salary of $2,500, and shall 
keep their offices at the seat of government. Four Commissioners of Public 
Works shall be chosen by the people, one from each of the four districts* into 
which the state shall be divided for the purpose. They must have been residents 
of their districts for 5 years before their election. They shall be so classified that 
two shall be elected every 2 years. While the lottery system continues, a 
Commissioner of Lotteries shall be chosen for two years. After April 1, 1859, 
no lottery scheme shall be drawn, nor ticket sold. A Commissioner of the Land- 
Office shall be elected by the people for 6 years, to act also as Register. A State 
Librarian shall be chosen by the joint vote of the two branches of the legislature 
for 2 years, with a salary of $1,000 per annum. County officers shall be elected 
by the people. 

No debt shall be contracted exceeding $100,000, nor unless the act creating it 
shall provide for a tax sufficient to pay the interest as it falls due, and the principal 
in 15 years. Such taxes shall not be repealed or applied to any other purpose. 
The credit of the state shall never be given or lent, nor shall the state be in any 
way concerned in internal improvements. The moneys levied to pay the public 
debt shall never be diverted until the debt is paid, or until the sinking fund equals 
the outstanding debt. 

At its first session after every federal census, the legislature shall pass a law to 
ascertain the sense of the people in regard to calling a convention to revise the 
constitution ; and if a majority vote therefor, a convention shall be called at the 
earliest convenient day ; the delegates to be elected by the several counties and 
the city of Baltimore in proportion to their representation at the time when the 
convention may be called. 

FINANCES OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 

Amount of nominal debt, December 1, 1850 $15,424,381 46 

Deduct Baltimore and Ohio Rail-road loan $3,266,000 00 

" Tobacco loan 163,689 67 

" Susquehamia and Tidewater Canals loan 1,000,000 00 

4,463,689 67 

Leaves debt, the interest on which is to be provided for by taxation $10,960,691 79 

The Sinking Fund, Dec. 1, 1850, was $2,000,720, which has since increased 
and which must be deducted from the above debt to get the present actual 
liabilities of the state. To meet these liabilities, in addition to the proceeds of 

* The districts for the election of the Commissioner of Public Works are the same as the Judicial Dis- 
tricts for Court of Appeals. 



GENEBAt ACCOUNT OF THK STATE OF MARYLAND. 



45 



the annual tax, the state has $5,341,801 84 of productive property, consisting of 
stocks, bonds, &c,, and ^15.910,013 17 of unproductive property. 



Principal Items of Expenditure. 

Annapolis mu] Klk Ridge Railroad $3,950 83 

Civil ullicors 1 4,(!1 4 97 

Colleges, anademies, and schools 21,899 00 

Indigent deaf and dumb 2,340 50 

Judiciary 38,813 50 

Legislature 5G,fJ36 1 

Militia 1 ,1 00 00 

Penitentiary 30,000 00 

Pensions 5.679 68 

Surolua revenue 34,069 36 

State ( 'oloiiization , 10,000 00 

Interest on public debt 690,840 36 

Redemption of funded arrears of interest. 500,509 09 
State tobacco inspection and warehouses. -.21,961 77 

Contingent expenses 9,333 49 

Miscellaneous expenses 21,172 94 

Chief Soiorces of Income. 

Auction duties and licenses $2.5,635 44 

Railroads 129,S40 30 

Balance in treasury, December 1st, 1849 

Receipts for the year 



Bank dividends and bonus $37,356 06 

Fines and forfeitures 5,032 36 

Licenses by county clerks 127,835 02 

Road stock dividends 46,490 00 

Stamps 52,579 75 

Lotteries and stamps ou lottery tickets 38,633 82 

Canal Companies 67,000 00 

Direct tax 438,036 38 

Taxes on 

State and city of Baltimore slocks 46,386 24 

Collateral inheritances '^3,060 73 

Commissions of e.xecutors and admin'rs. 29,166 26 

Commissions of trustees 5,289 26 

Foreign insurances 7,484 87 

Policies of insurance 6,056 00 

Protests 4,923 00 

Certain officers 10,551 56 

Civil commissions 7,221 80 

Incorporated institutions 25,870 59 

Tax for colonization 8,668 04 

State tobacco inspector in Baltimore 51,519 93 

$484,892 96 

1,227,986 24 



Total $1,712,879 20 

Expenditures for the year 1 ,467,470 36 



Balance in treasury, December 1st, 1850 $245,408 84 

Since the last annual report of the Treasurer, (December, 1850,) the balance of 
funded arrears of interest has been entirely paid off, and the principal of the debt 
now existing is the same as it was in 184G. It will be remembered by those con- 
versant with the subject, that in the winter of 1846-47, the legislature of Mary- 
land passed a law for the resumption of the regular payment of interest on tihe 
state debt on the 1st of January, 1848. There had been a suspcn.sion for several 
years, and arrears of interest amounting to about 1900,000 had accumulated. In 
order to resume payment of interest the arrears were funded in a six per cent, 
stock, redeemable at the pleasure of the state. Those arrears and the stock in 
which they were funded, have been paid off' or redeemed, principal and interest; 
and all surpluses are now to be devoted to the extinction of the original debt. 
The amount of the sinking fund on the 1st of December, 1850, is shown by the 
Treasurer's report of that date, since then* it has been increased by about 
$100,000. If the taxes are not diminished by the legislature within a few years, 
the whole debt will be absorbed. The returns to the State Treasury from internal 
improvement companies are very favorable, and they must greatly increase with 
the progress of the different works, whilst the state, under the new constitution, 
can incur no new liability. The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal is now finished, and 
it is to be hoped that under judicious management it may yield the State Trea- 
sury some slight return for the millions she has spent upon its construction. The 
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad will be finished to the Ohio River in a year and a 
half, and that work, already paying the state a large interest on her investment, 
will then supply a still increasing revenue, besides its indirect influence upon the 
Treasury of the state, by the advance of the state, and of the city of Baltimore 
especially, in wealth and resources. The history of her finances since the resump- 
tion, bill passed is very gratifying to the pride of the state, and her credit now 
stands deservedly high. 

The new constitution has effected a great improvement in the organization of 
the Treasury department, and has supplied checks which add greatly to the ef- 
ficient collection, the security and proper application of the funds of the state. 

» To October 1, 185L 



46 



GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE STATE OF MARYLAND. 



GOVERNORS OF MARYLAND, 



1. — Under the Proprietary and Royal Government. 



Leonard Calvert Appointed 1637 

Thomas Green do 1G47 

William Stone do 1649 

Parliamentary Commissioners, ... 1654 

Josiah Fendall Appointed 1658 

Philip Calvert do 1660 

Charles Calveri do 166-2 

Lord Baltimore Proprietor 1675 

Thomas Notley Apiminied 1678 

Lord Baltimore Proprietor 1681 

Lionel Copley Apjiointed 1 692 

Francis Nicholson do 1694 

Jii the hands of the Crown 1697 

Nathaniel Blackstone Appointed 1699 



Thomas Tench President 1703 

John Seymour Appointed 1704 

Edward Lloyd I'reaidejlt 1704 

John Hart Appointed 1714 

j Charles Calvert do 1720 

Benedict Calvert do 172V 

Lord Baltimore Proprietor 1733 

Samuel Ogle Appoi.ntcd 1737 

Thomas Bladen do 1743 

Samuel Ogle do 1747 

Benjamin Tasker President 1751 

Horatio Sharpe Appointed 1753 

Robert Eden do 1769 

Robert Eden do 1773 



2. — Under the Constitution. 



Thomas Johnson Elected 1777 

Thomas Sim Lee do 1779 

William Paca do 1782 

William Smallwood do 1785 

John Eaner Howard do 1788 

George Plater do 1792 

Thomas Sim Lee do 1792 

John Haskens Stone do 1794 

John Henrv do 1797 

Benjamin Ogle do 1798 

John Francis Mercer do 1801 

Robert Bowie do 1603 

Robert Wright do 1805 

Edward Lloyd do 1809 

Robert Bowie do 1811 

Levin Winder do 1812 

C. Ridgley, of Hampton do 1815 



C. W. Goldsborough Elected 1818 

Samuel Sprigg do 1819 

Samuel Stevens do 1822 

Joseph Kent do 1826 

Daniel Martin do 1829 

T. K. Carroll do 1830 

Daniel Martin do 1831 

George Howard Act'g Gov. 1831 

George Howard Elected 1832 

James Thomas.. do 1833 

Thomas W. Veasey do 1836 

William Grason do 1838 

Francis Thomas do 1841 

Thomas G. Pratt do 1844 

Philip F. Thomas do 1848 

Enoch Louis Lowe do 1851 



GAZETTEER 



OF THE 



STATE OF MARYLAND. 



ABI 



ALL 



Abingdon, p. v., Harford co. Situate on 
the w. side of Bush r., 6 m. s. of Bel- Air, and 
52 N.N.E. of Annapolis. 

Accident, p. o., Alleghany co. Situate on 
the E. side of Youghiogeny r., 2 m. below the 
line of Pennsylvania ; 38 m. w. of Cumber- 
land, and 204 w.n.w. of Annapohs. 

Adamstown, p. v., Frederick co. Situate 



on w. side of Monocacy r., 6 m. n. of Fred- 
erick City, and 81 n.w. of Annapolis. 

Allaway Creek, Carroll co. A tributary 
of Monocacy r. from the e., into which it falls 
about two miles s. of the Pennsylvania line. 

Alleghany Company's Mines, Alleghany 
CO. Situate near Frostburg, 10 m. w. of 
Cumberland. 



ALLEGHANY COrOsTTY occupies the extreme N.w. part of the state, and is traversed 
by the main range of the mountains from which its name is derived. Its area contains 
672,000 acres. The surface is extremely rugged and broken, but the more mountainous 
districts present broad valleys, called glades, which are peculiarly adapted for grazing and 
dairy farms. These valleys bear evidence of having been beds of extensive lakes, the 
waters of which have left behind them deposits of a clayey loam, covering which is a 
sward of rich and nutritious grasses. The "glades' butter," and mountain mutton, so 
celebrated for their qualities, are produced in these regions. The climate is necessarily 
cold ; but in the valleys, protected by lofty hill-walls, the cUraatic influences incident to 
their elevation are much moderated ; and out-door labor is httle interfered with, while 
cattle requires housing only in the middle winter months. The drainage of this county is 
received by the Potomac River, which borders its Avhole southern boundary, and the 
Youghiogeny River; the former emptying into the Atlantic, and the latter into the 
Monongahela River, 18 miles s. e. of Pittsburg, whence its waters are carried by the 
Ohio and Mississippi rivers to the. Gulf of Mexico. Thermal springs, and springs charged 
with sulphuretted hydrogen, with some chalybeates, occur in this county, and the water 
in some parts is impregnated with hme, but the mountain water, clear and pure, most 
abounds. The geological structure of the country is similar to that of the Alleghany 
regions generally. The prevaihng rocks are sandstones of various colors ; but limestones, 
often traversed by veins of quartz, slate, shale and quartzite, are extensively dis- 
tributed. The ores of iron are found in great abundance ; and there is, within the limits 
of the county, a continuous series of beds of bituminous coal from three to fourteen feet 
in thickness and from three to six miles wide, known as the " Cumberland coal," extend- 
ing from the Pennsylvania border to the north bank of the Potomac River. 

The settlement of this county dates from 1732, when Fort Cumberland was estabhshed 
for the defence of the advancing white population ; but Col. Thomas Cresap is said to have 
been the first private individual who formed a permanent residence within its limits. 
Cresap was a native of England, and located himself at Old Town, on the north fork of the 
Potomac, with his own and other families, in 1741. The county formed a part of Frede- 
rick from 1748 to 1776 ; and of Washington, from the latter year to 1789, when it was 
organized with its present limits. In 1790, it contained 4,809 inhabitants; in 1820, 
8,654; in 1830, 10,609; in 1840, 15,690; and in 1850, 22,769, of which, 21,633 
were white persons, 412 free colored persons, and 724 slaves ; and of the aggre- 
gate number, 13,950 were natives of Maryland, 3,078 natives of other states of 
the Union, and 5,017 were foreigners, — the 724 remaining being colored slaves. Tliia 
population was comprised in 3,902 famihes, and occupied 3,850 dweUings. During the 



ALL 



[ 48] 



ALT 



year ending 1st June, 1850, there occurred 596 births, 138 marriages, and 150 deaths; 
and at that period, there were in the county 10 deaf and dumb persons, 8 blind, 5 insane, 
and 4 idiotic. 

The county contained 892 farms, occupying 72,577 acres of improved, and 144,695 
acres of unimproved lands; and the cash value of these was $2,519,858; the value of 
farming implements and machinery was $60,368. The stock of domestic animals consisted 
of 2,902 horses, 9 asses and mules, 4,207 milch cows, 89 working oxen, 6,257 other cattle, 
12,439 sheep, and 7,877 swine — in all, valued at §270,070 ; and the amount of animal pro- 
ducts in 1849-50 was — wool 25,244 pounds, butter 231,038 pounds, cheese 880 pounds, and 
the value of animals slaughtered was $57,587. The cereal crops amounted, in bushels : 
wheat to 73,525, rye to 29,187, Indian corn to 101,773, oats to 163,943, barley to 100, 
and buckwheat to 19,887, and the crop of peas and beans to 67 bushels, and that of Irish 
potatoes to 21,920 bushels. The value of the products of the orchard was $6,714, and of 
the market garden, $475. The crop of hay amounted to 10,896 tons, and flax was pro- 
duced to the amount of 1,517 pounds. Miscellaneous productions were: honey and bees- 
wax 6,451 pounds ; maple sugar 47,740 pounds ; molasses 1,430 gallons ; wine 65 
gallons. Home-made manufactures were valued at $9,397. 

The Avhole number of manufacturing establishments in the county, in 1850, was 24, 
with an aggregate capital of $750,100, employing 403 hands, at wages averaging $9,284 
per month, and producing annually to the value of $491,391. There were tiuo establish- 
ments for the manufacture of cabinet-ware, and two for cigars ; two for woolen goods, 
water power ; one for fire-brick ; one foundry, and one furnace, steam power ; four saw- 
mills, steam and water power; three coal mining establishments, cue rail-road machine 
shop ; and seven tanneries, steam power. The mining statistics, as returned in the census, 
are probably deficient, and that great interest of the country seems to have been almost 
overlooked by those entrusted with its ascertainment. 

The valuation of real and personal estate, in 1850, amounted to $4,205,453, (true valu- 
ation, $5,080,635,) and the amount of taxes assessed thereon, $37,429, of which, $10,514 
for state purposes, and $26,915 for county purposes. The whole number of paupers 
supported during the year 1849-50 was 50, viz. : 44 natives and 6 foreigners, and the cost 
to the county was $2,000 ; number of criminals convicted, 4, viz.: 1 native and 3 foreigners; 
and the number in prison on the first of June, 1850, was 12, viz. : 7 natives and 5 foreigners. 
The number of adults in the county who could not read and write was 1,139, viz. : 389 na- 
tives and 750 foreigners. Primary and pubHc schools, in number 109, were attended by 2,480 
children ; and 105 Avere being educated at academies and other schools. Three newspapers 
are published weekly — all at Cumberland. Accommodation was provided in 31 churches 
for 13,900 heai-ers ; and the value of church property was returned at $81,000, — 17 Metho- 
dist churches could accommodate 5,950 persons ; 5 Roman Catholic, 3,000 ; 4 Lutheran, 
2,000; 2 Protestant Episcopal, 1,400; 1 Grerman Reformed, 800; 1 Presbyterian, 400 ; 
and 1 Baptist, 350. There are 72 libraries (private) and 55,467 volumes owned in the 
county. Adults, unable to read and write, 1,139. 

The great thoroughfares within Alleghany County are the Chesapeake and Ohio canal, 
the Baltimore and Ohio rail-road, and the National Road leading from Cumberland to the 
Western States ; the latter constructed by the federal government, at a great expense. 
There are also several state and county roads, and rail-roads leading to the coal and iron 
mines, viz : the Mount Savage rail-road, from Cumberland to the iron mines at Mount 
Savage ; Eckart rail-road, from Cumberland to Eckart's, the New- York Company's, and 
the Washington mines ; Detmold's rail-road, a wooden track, 3 feet wide, from Braddock's 
Run and Eckart's to Lonaconing; and there is a line of rail- road contemplated from the 
latter place to the mouth of Greorge's Creek, opposite to Western Port. 

Cumberland is the county seat of justice ; and the villages and post-offices are — Acci- 
dent, Altamont, Bevansville, Bloomington, Cresap Town, Dawson's, Flintstone, Frankville, 
Friendsville, Frostburg, G-rantsville. Hoystown, Keyser's Ridge, Little Crossings, Lona- 
coning, Mt. Savage, Old Town, Orleans, Pleasant GJ-rove, Prattsville, Sangrun, Savage 
Mill, Shade Mill, Selby's Port, Swanton, Wellersburg, Western Port, Winston, and 
Yough Grlades. 



Allen's Fresh, p. o., Charles co. Situate 
at the crossing of the creek of the same 
name, a large tributary of Port Tobacco 
river; 6 m. s. e. of Port Tobacco, and 81 
s. s. w. of Annapolis. 



Altamont, v., Alleghany co. Situate in 
a mountain region, 2,600 feet above tide- 
water, near the head waters of Savage r., 
and on the line of the Bait, and Ohio R.R. ; 
44 m. s. w. of Cumberland. 



ALL 



L 49 ] 



ANN 



AxNAPOLis City, port of entry and p. o. ; 
CO. seat., Anne Arundel co., and capital of 
the state of Maryland. Situate on the w. 
side of Severn r., three miles from its en- 
trance into Chesapeake Bay, and distant 44 
m. E. N. E. of Washinsyton, D. C. Lat. 38*^ 
58' 50" N.: Long. 76° 29' 2G" w. from 
Greenwich, 0° 32' 04" e. from Washington. 
In 1830, the population was 2,623 ; in 
1840, 2,792; and in 1850, 3,011—1,774 
■white persons, 585 free colored persons, 
and 652 slaves. The government removed 
from St. Mary's, the old capital, to Anna- 
polis, then called Providence, in 1689. An- 
napolis is regularly laid out ; its streets di- 
verging from the State House and Episco- 
pal Church, as from two principal centres. 
The State House is a substantial building ; 
in this the old Congress held some , of its 
sessions ; and the Senate Chamber, in 
•which AYashington resigned his commission 
to that august body^ has been preserved 
unaltered. The state hbrary contains about 
25,000 volumes. The city has a market- 
house, a bank, (the Farmers' Bank of Mary- 
land,) a theatre, and about 420 dwellings, 
many of which are elegant and spacious. 
St. John's College, formerly a branch of the 



University, but now under different aus- 
pices, is located here. It was founded in 
1784, and in 1850 had six professors, 30 
students, 150 alumni, 8 of whom were min- 
isters, and a library containing 3,292 
volumes. There are six academies, and 
four or five other schools ; and the pubHo 
press consists of two newspapers, issued 
weekly, together circulating 1,200 copies. 
The shipping owned in the collection dis- 
trict of Annapolis, on the 1st June, 1850, 
was 2,323 tons, of which 336 was navigated 
by steam power. Some small manufac- 
tures are carried on, and the coasting trad<? 
hence is on a liberal scale. The city com- 
municates with the interior hnes of travel 
by the Annapolis and Elkridge R. R., 21 m. 
in length, diverging from it in a N. w. di- 
rection to a junction with the Washington 
Branch R. R., at a point 18 m. from Balti- 
more, and 22 m. from Washington. 

Annapolis Junction, p. o., Anne Arundel 
CO. Situate on the e. side of Little Patux- 
ent r., where the Annapohs and Elkridge 
R.R. forms a junction with the Washington 
Branch R. R., 21 m. n. w. of Annapolis, 18 
s. w. of Baltimore, and 22 n. e. of Washing- 
ton. 



ANNE ARUNDEL COUNTY is situate on the w. side of Chesapeake Bay, having 
Patapsco River for its n. limits, and Patuxent River for its w. limits. The s. boundary is 
the conventional line separating it from Calvert county. Within these bounds the super- 
ficial area is 433,920 acres ; but in this is included Howard county, lately organized. 

The surface, with the exception of some broken and hilly tracts in the vicinity of the 
fivers, and of low lands in that section known as the swamps, is generally undulating 
and pleasantly diversified. Near the bay, the surface is cognate with that distinguish- 
ing the eastern shore, low and in several parts wet. The middle parts of the county 
are drained by the Patuxent ; in the south by creeks falling into South, Severn, 
and West rivers. The drainage by the Patapsco is to a very small extent. The soils 
in the upper parts have been produced by the disintegration and decomposition of the 
subjacent rocks, and vary according to the nature of these. In the lower portions of 
the country sand and clay are the chief components of the soil, and in this district ther3 
are some fine soils, varying in composition from a sandy to a clayey loam. Sand stones, 
argilites and all the rocks of the primary era, found so extensively in Montgomery county, 
pervade also the upper regions of Anne Arundel county ; in the lower regions, the rocks, 
whatever they may be, are covered over by plains and hills of sand and clay — the hills 
rarely elevated more than 100 feet above tide water. In this region there are also exten- 
sive marl dcposites, which furnish to the planter a rich manure. Iron is the widest 
diffused of all the mineral ores, and has hitherto been extensively wrought ; but of late 
many of the works have suspended operations. Some copper is found in the upper 
country, and on the bay shore alumina and iron pyrites are abundant, the latter of which 
is used in the manufacture of copperas. Oak, chestnut, pine, poplar, and hickory are 
the principal timbers natural to the forest. The climate varies with the location, but is 
usually temperate, and well suited for out-door employment. 

The first settlers in the district of country under consideration were English Puritans, v 
who had been expelled from Virginia, in which colony the laws tolerated no dissent from 
the Established Church. This occurred in 1642. The main division of these colonists — 
a congregation with Richard Bennett as their leader — took up their residence upon and 
around the site of Annapolis, calling their settlement Providence. Here, also, they re- 
fused to acknowledge the government of Lord Baltimore, on the allegation that to doso 
would be to recognize the Roman Catholic Church, and established for themselves an in- 
dependent government, occupying their lands without formal grants. This state of 



ALL 



[ 50 ] 



ANN 



affairs continued until July, 1650, when the clandestine plantations were recognized and 
erected into an organization under the title of Anne Arundel county, and as such re- 
mained until, by the constitution of 1851, the former Howard district was organized as 
a separate county. In 1790, according to the federal census, the population amounted to 
22,518; in 1820, to 27,G51 ; in 1830, to 28,295; in 1840, to 29,532; and in 1850, to 
32,393, viz. : 16,542 white persons, 4,602 free colored persons, and 11,249 slaves; of the 
free inhabitants, 19,648 were natives of Maryland, 636 were natives of other states of the 
Union, and 860 were of foreign birth. This population was comprised in 3,745 families, 
and occupied 3,712 dvvelHngs. Deaf and dumb, 10; blind, 24; insane, 11; and idiotic, 
40. During the year 1849-50, the number of slaves, fugitive from labor, was 48, and of 
slaves manumitted, 365. 

In 1850, the number of farms and plantations under culture was 1,295, occupying 222,- 
228 acres improved land and 126,925 acres unimproved land, and the cash value of these 
was $6,723,374. The value of farming implements and machinery was $212,984. The 
live-stock owned within the county consisted of — horses, 5,793 ; asses and mules, 686 ; 
milch cows, 5,577; working oxen, 3,071 ; other cattle, 5,389 ; sheep, 14,075, and swine, 
29,989, valued in the aggregate at $589,515 ; and the amount of animal products was — 
wool, 22,685 pounds ; butter, 170,620 pounds ; cheese, 57 pounds ; and the value of 
animals slaughtered was $62,266. The food crops consisted of — wheat, 260,923; rye, 

11,439 ; Indian corn, 925,448 ; oats, 147,263 ; peas and beans, 1,202 ; barley, ; 

buckwheat, 4,498 ; Irish potatoes, 51,871 ; and sweet potatoes, 257 bushels. The orchard 
produced to the value of $32,437, and market gardens to $57,774 ; 465 gallons of wine 
were among these products. The staple of the county is tobacco, the crop of which in 
1850 amounted to 4,523,340 pounds. Among the other products of agriculture in 1850 
are enumerated — hay, 5,580 tons ; clover-seed, 668 bushels, and other grass-seed, 158 
bushels ; hops, 374 pounds ; flax, 635 pounds ; flax-seed, 32 bushels ; and beeswax and 
honey, 5,379 pounds. Home-made manufactures were valued at $2,885. 

There were in the county in 1850, 159 industrial establishments, and the capital in- 
vested amounted to $402,570 ; the value of raw material, fuel, &;c., consumed was 
$599,837, and of the annual products, $937,260. Hands employed — ^males 712, at aver- 
age monthly cost of $11,347, and 254 females at $2,625. Cotton, iron and flour are the 
staples, and together use three-fourths of the capital invested, and are represented in more 
than two-thirds of the products. The following table exhibits the principal details of the 
business and manufacturing industry of the county : — 



Business or Value of 

Mnaufactures. No. Capital. Hands, prod'cts. 

Agr'l implements 17 .. .83,9.50 37 .. $15,600 

Bakers, &c 2 1,000 3 6,900 

Blacksmiths 30 6,795 -65 ••.29.775 

Boat-builders 1 100 1 1,500 

Boot & shoe-makers.. 12 4,3.50 48. ..16,600 

Cabinet-makers 3 2,800 7 6,000 

Carpenters 18 3,375 44 . . . 23,750 

Clothiers & tailora 6 4,600 31. ..11, 500 

Coach-makers 1 400 3 1,000 

Coopers 7 1,700 22 6,460 

Factories, cotton 2. . 125,000 314 .. 207,500 

wool 1 ,300 6 3,500 

Furnaces, iron 3.. 115,000 195.. 168,600 

Granite cutters 2 500 17 2,060 



Business or Value of 

Manufacture*. No. Capital. Hands, prod'cts. 

Lime kilns 8. ..$2,350 20.. $10,400 

Machinists 1 2,500 6 6,000 

Mills, clover 1 150 1 2,000 

" flour 4... 88,500 18.. 315.925 

" grist 13. ..15,950 18... 31,1 80 

" paper 2 1 ,200 5 5,600 

" saw 13... 12,300 16... 27,650 

Mining, iron 5 3,950 67 ... 25,100 

Printers 2 3,700 9 5,650 

Saddlers, &c 4 1,800 10 6,100 

Tanners 1 300 3 900 



Total 159. .402,570 712. .937,260 



The iron furnaces are all driven by steam power, and the factories, machine-shops 
and mills by water power ; all other establishments by hand-labor. The great bulk 
of the manufacturing business is conducted on the Patapsco, within the present Howard 
county. 

The average monthly wages to a farm-hand is, with board, $9, and the wages to a 
laborer, with board, 70 cents, and without, $1 a day. Carpenters average $1 37 a day, 
and domestic servants $1 25 a week. Price of board to laboring men per week, $2 12. 

The valuation of real and personal estate in the county in 1850, was $9,774,931, (true 
valuation, $11,243,624,) and the amount of taxes assessed thereon, $31,931, of which 
$9,069 were for state purposes, $15,589 for county, $5,113 for school, $1,060 for poor, 
and $1,104 for road purposes. The number of paupers supported in the county during 
the years 1849-50 was 61, of which 51 were natives and 10 foreigners, and the cost to 
the public was $4,060, or $80 per head. 



ANN 



[ 51 ] 



BAL 



The county contained, in June, 1850, one college, with three teacners and 25 students ; six 
academies and other schools, with 26 teachers and 270 pupils ; and 51 primary and public 
schools, with 51 teachers and 1,283 scholars. The aggregate income of the academies 
was $11,250, of which $-1,800 was received from public funds ; and that of public schools 
was $10,024, of which $3,323 was from the public funds, and $5,096 was raised by taxa- 
tion. The number of libraries in the county was 39 with 43,896 volumes, of which 32 
with 23,300 volumes were held in private. Three newspapers are published weekly — two 
at Annapolis, and one at Ellicott's Mills, and circulate from 500 to 700 copies each. Of 
those classed as " adults who cannot read and write." 570 were white persons, and 462 free 
colored persons. There were, at the period above alluded to, 82 church edifices in the 
county, accommodating in the aggregate 41,875 persons, and the value of church pro- 
perty was $140,000. The Baptists had 2 churches ; the Episcopalians 22 ; the Quakers 
3 ; the Methodists 46 ; the Presbyterians 3 ; the Roman CathoUcs 5 ; and the Union, or 
Free Church, 1. 

Aknapolis is the county seat of justice, and the following are villages and post-offices : 
Annapolis Junction, Bright Seat, Bristol, Clarksville, Cooksville, Crownsville, Davidson- 
ville, Eldersburg, Elk Ridge Landing, Ellicott's Mills, Elysvillc, Friendship, Governor's 
Bridge, Ilchester Mills, Lisbon, Marriotsville, Mathew's Store, Millersville, Patuxent, 
Poplar Springs, Savage, Simsonville, South River, Taylorsville, Tracey's Landing, West 
Elver, Woodstock, &c. 



Annemesix River, Somerset co. A con- 
siderable stream from the e., emptying into 
Chesapeake Bay. A project was once en- 
tertained of constructing a canal to unite 
the navigation of this river and that of 
Pocomoke river. 

Antietam Creek, Washington co. The 
head waters of this stream are in Penn- 
sylvania, but its largest tributaries come 
from the w. slope of South Mountain. It 
drains more than one half the surface of thp 
county, and after a winding course south- 
ward falls into Potomac r., about 10 m. n. 
of the mouth of Shenandoah r. 

Aquasco, p. v.. Prince George co. Situ- 
ate on the w. side of Patuxent r., 32 m. 
from its mouth ; 18 m. s. of Upper Marl- 
boro', and 51 s. w. of AnnapoUs. 

Ashland, v., Baltimore co. Situate on 
the line of the Baltimore and Susquehanna 
R. R., 16 m. N. of Baltimore city. 

AvALON, v., Baltimore co. Situate on 
the N. side of Patapsco r., and on the line 
of the Bait, and Ohio R. R., 10 m. s. w. of 
Baltimore, and 37 n. w. of Annapolis. Some 
manufactures centre here. 

Bachman's Mills, p. o., Carroll co. Situ- 
ate at the head of Big Pipe cr., 6 m. n. of 
Westminster, and 62 n. w. of Annapolis. 

Back Greek, Cecil co. A large creek of 
Elk. r., which, in conjunction with the 
Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, forms a 
navigable passage across the neck of the 
peninsula. This passage-way is now used 
chiefly for the transportation of Cumber- 
land coal to Eastern markets. 

Back River, Baltimore co. A large inlet of 
Chesapeake Bay, between Back River Neck 
and Patapsco Neck. It receives in its 
northern extremity Stemmer's, Red House, 



Moore's, Herring, and other runs or creeks. 
The Baltimore and Philadelphia R. R. 
crosses its northern arm about 3 m. e. of 
Baltimore ; and Miller's island lying at its 
entrance, divides its mouth into two 
channeJB. 

Back River Neck, Baltimore co. A 
large peninsular projection lying between 
Middle r. and Back r. Its outline is ex- 
tremely ifregular, and much indented with 
large coves. 

Back Wtb Creek, Queen Anne co. A 
stream emptying from the N. into Wye r,, 
and separating Wye Neck from Piney 
Neck. 

Bakersville, p. v., Washington co. Situ- 
ate on the E. side of Marsh cr., on the post- 
road, 9 m. s. of Hagerstown, and 94 n. w. of 
Annapolis. 

Baltimore Citt, co. seat, port of entry 
and p. o., Baltimore co. Situate on the 
N. side of Patapsco r., 14 m. from its 
entrance into Chesapeake Bay, and 204 m. 
from the Atlantic ocean, by ship channel. 
Distant 38 m. n. e. of Washington, D. C, 
and 28 n. of Annapolis. Lat. 39° 17' 23" n., 
and Long. 76«> 37' 30" w. of Greenwich, or 
0' 24" E. of Washington. 

Baltimore, the principal city of the state, 
and the third in the Union in regard to po- 
pulation, was laid out in 1729, and the first 
inhabitants were of the same class as the 
original colonists of St. Mary's, natives of 
England, but the settlement soon became a 
point of attraction for immigrants from 
many other countries. In 1790, it con- 
tained 13,503 inhabitants ; in 1800, 26,514 ; 
in 1810, 35,583 ; in 1820, 62,738 ; in 1830, 
80,625; in 1840, 102,313; and in 1850, 
169,054, viz. : 140,666 white persons ; free 
colored persons 25,442, and 2,946 slaves ; 



B A L 



[52] 



BAL 



and of the free population 113,583 were na- 
tives of Maryland; 16,808 natives of others 
of the United States ; and 35,617 were of 
foreign origin. Of the foreign population 
19,274 were Germans, 12,057 Irish, and 
2,023 English, 525 Scotch, and 110 Welch; 
the residue being natives of other parts of 
Europe and America. 

The industrial employments of the 
citizeng are various and extensive. The 
whole number of establishments in 1850 
was 2,243, in which a capital of $6,541,922 
was invested, and employment given to 
15,442 male and 5,044 female artisans. 
The aggregate value of raw material con- 
sumed in 1849-50 amounted to $9,444,244 ; 
the sums monthly paid out for wages, 
$459,441, and the annual value of manu- 
factured products was $20,416,511. The 
numbers, capitals and values of the pro- 
ducts of the principal establishments, leav- 
ing out any account of bakers, butchers, 
grocers, and such other businesses, wliich are 
common to all places, were as follows : — 

Establishments. Capital. No. Hands. 

Agric'l implements. $54, 000 8 

Blacksmiths 35,300.. - Tl 

Boatbuilding 8,700 8 

Boots and shoes. ...-247,215. .356 

Breweries 59,300. . . 16. 

Bricks 190,000. . . 45. 

Cabinetware 274,257. .111. 

Cigars 188,6fi0..120. 

Chemicals 210,000 5, 

Clothiers 617,580. .238 

Coach, &c 79,550. ..26. 

Coppersmiths 12,800 6 . 

Distilleries 75,300 5 9. 

Earthenware 42,600 8 87 . 

Forges 30,000 1 35 . 

Foundries, Brass 52,240... 10 76, 

" iron. .. 198,500. ..13. ...576. 

" type, &c.l5,O0O 1 31. 

Furnaces, iron 27,500 2 403. 

" copper... 1-00,000 1 40. 

Glass 54,000 2 54. 

Gunsmiths 14,100'. .. 10 79 . 

Math'l instruments . . . 3,600 4 8. 

Musical do 1,600 2 6, 

Surgical do 3,000 2 8. 

Machinist 176,000... 12 377. 

Mills, flour 130,000 4 22. 

Piano Forte 61,000. ..10.. ..163. 

Printers & Publish. 11 4,200... 17 229. 

•' lithographic . . 9.600 2 20 . 

" music 10,000 1 8. 

R. R. machinery 71,500 3 171. 

Rolling mills 60,000 1 96 . 

Sails 21,680. ..24. ...112. 

Ship-builders 161,500. ..21 ....631. 

" joiners 1 4,220. . . 13 82 . 

" smiths 71 ,600 ... 16 .... 1 09 . 

Silversmiths, &c 55,400. ..31 120. 

Steam engines 125,000 2 330 . 

Stove-makers 271, 500. ..19 413. 

Sugar refiners 62,000 2 19. 

Tanneries 141,000 7 72. 

Weavers 7,696. ..15 36. 

Wheelwrights 4,550 ... 21 50 . 

Whitesmiths 6,422. . .10 33. 



...126. 
...226. 
37. 

.2,329. 
74. 

...984. 
...817. 
...485. 
...118. 
.5,196. 
...275. 
....27. 



Value. 
.$143,900 
.. 195,203 

31,250 

.1,191,652 
...119,420 
...332,550 
...654,364 
...593,310 
...421,200 
.2,646,190 
...304,288 

40,600 

...358,864 

74,800 

60,000 

...273,600 
...434,862 
....25,000 
...195,000 
...450,000 
. . . 52,000 
....52,900 

8.900 

4,200 

6,000 

...420,550 
...491,133 
...124,550 
...358,234 

16,500 

....20,000 
...103,000 
...171,531 
...211,580 
...820,000 
....89,500 
....91,700 
...236,175 
...229,000 
...665,000 
...303,500 
...277,150 
....34,225 
....37,430 
...27,900 



As a commercial city, Baltimore ranks 
next to New-Orleans among the southern 
ports. It has an immense inland trade, 
which will be greatly increased when the 
hues of communication are completed to a 
junction with those of Oliio and other 
western states. In 1860, the principal re- 
ceipts from the interior for consumption 
and export were: Cumberland coal, 146,645 
tons, and Anthracite 160,000 tons; wheat, 
2,600,000 bushels, (about 1,750,000 bushels 
taken by millers, and 850,000 bushels 
shipped;) Indian corn, 3,000,000 bushels ; 
oats, 450,000 bushels, and considerable lots 
of rye, barley, peas and beans; beef, pork, 
and bacon ; tobacco, 41,833 hhds. ; wool, 
500,000 lbs., &c., &c. ; the inspections of 
flour amounted to 896,592 barrels; of corn 
meal to 46,000 barrels ; and of rye flour to 
5,441 barrels ; of leather, to 413,974 sides. 
Flour and tobacco, however, are the two 
great staples of Baltimore, and well has it 
been designated as " the greatest market for 
tobacco in the United States, and the prin- 
cipal flour market in the world." Its coast- 
wise trade is also very extensive, and the 
shipping of Baltimore is found in every 
port from Passamaquoddy Bay to the Eio 
Grande ; the lumber of Maine and the 
cotton and sugar of the Gulf states are 
brought here in vast quantities, as are also 
the various manufactures and merchandises 
of the intermediate Atlantic ports ; in 1850, 
25,000 bales cotton were landed from 
southern ports, and 63 milUon feet of lum- 
ber from Bangor and other ports of Maine. 
The shipping owned in the collection 
district, of which Baltimore is the port, 
amounted on the 1st of June, 1850, to 
140,019 tons, of which was registered 
90,670 tons ; enrolled and hcensed 57,612 
tons, and licensed under 20 tons 737 tons; 
and of the enrolled and licensed tonnage, 
13,115 tons navigated by steam power. In 
1849-50, sixty-six vessels, of an aggregate 
burden of 11,683 tons, were built in the 
port district. The Baltimore chppers are 
pronounced to be the perfection of naval 
architecture, and they are no less fitted for 
trade than for privateering, in which ca- 
pacity they made a great figure in the last 
war with England. 

Boston, New- York and New-Orleans 
are the only sea-board ports of the Union, 
the foreign commerce of which exceeds 
that of Baltimore. In 1849-50, the en- 
trances amounted to 438 vessels and 99,588 
tons, and the clearances to 521 vessels and 
126,819 tons ; and the value of merchandise 
imported was $6,124,201, and of that ex- 
ported $6,967,353. The great bulk of the 
foreign commerce of Baltimore is carried 



B AL 



[53 ] 



BAL 



on with the states of South America and 
the West India colonies, and the continent 
of Europe. With the British ports in 
Europe, the connection is very hmited. 

There are ten banks in Baltimore, with 
an aggregate capital of 57,101,051. The 
circulation in 1850 amounted to $2,073,578, 
discounts to $10,925,106, and deposits to 
§3,G48,819, and the amount of specie on 
hand to §2,113.758. There are also a num- 
ber of insurance companies and savings' 
institutions. 

The public press of the city consists of 
six daily, four tri-weekly and ten weekly 
newspapers ; and one semi-monthly and 
two monthly papers ; and of these six are 
devoted to religious topics, one to agricul- 
ture, one to music, and one to the coloniza- 
tion interest. The others, chiefly daily and 
tri-weekly papers, are devoted to politics 
and general news. The Baltimore Sun cir- 
culates 30,000 copies daily, and of the 
weekly issue 18,000 copies ; the circulation 
of none of the others exceeds 8,000. 

»The total value of real and personal es- 
tate in the city in 1850, was .$80,237,960, 
and the total taxation $617,994, viz. : — 
state tax, $168,000; county tax, $20,667 ; 
school tax, $83,618 ; poor tax, $13,597 ; road 
tax, $603; and taxes on account of city 
government, $381,509. 

There are four colleges, 67 academies, 
&c., and 71 primary and pubHc schools in 
the city. The primary and public schools 
had in 1850, 158 teachers and 8,892 scholars, 
and cost for support $64,061 ; the acade- 
mies had 215 teachers, and 4,507 pupils, at 
a cost amounting to $87,431 ; and the col- 
leges 33 professors and 537 students, cost- 
ing $56,875. The support of colleges and 
academies is derived solely from charges to 
individual pupils ; but the public schools are 
free to the poor, and are partially supported 
from the pubhc treasury. The University, 
founded in 1812 ; St. Mary's College, found- 
ed in 1799 ; and Washington Medical Col- 
lege, founded in 1827, are the principal col- 
legiate establishments. The Mercantile Li- 
brary Association and the Maryland His- 
torical Society are also valuable literary 
institutions. The number of white adults 
unable to read and write was, in 1850, 
5,537, of which 3,844 were females. The 
free colored in the same category numbered 
8,232. 

The city contains 6 Baptist churches, 10 
Episcopal, 3 Friends, 3 German Reformed, 
8 Lutheran, 42 Methodist, 11 Presbyterian, 
8 Roman Catholic, and 8 other churches ; 
in all 99 churches, capable of accommoda- 
ting 81,455 persons. The value of property 
belonging to all the churches in 1850, was 



$2,420,200. The Roman Cathohc cathedral 
alone has property valued at $495,000. 

Baltimore is pleasantly situated, on a 
slightly undulating ground, and some of the 
elevations in the vicinity command fine 
prospects. As laid out, it includes four 
miles square, and is built around the bay. 
The streets are regular and spacious, and 
the houses are neat, most of them brick, and 
some exhibiting beautiful architectm-al com- 
binations. 

The harbor is capacious and safe, and 
consists of an inner basin, into which vessels 
of considerable burden can enter, and an 
outer harbor at Fell's Point accessible to the 
largest merchant ships. The entrance is 
commanded and defended by Fort M -Henry, 
the strength of which was proved when at- 
tacked by the British in the war of 1812. 
The entrance to the outer harbor is about 
600 feet wide, and the depth in the channel 
22 feet. Jones's Falls, a small stream from 
the N., divides the city into two parts, 
and over it are erected several handsome 
stone and wooden bridges. The harbor is 
seldom obstructed by ice. 

The principal public buildings are more 
distinguished for their solidity and capacious 
dimensions than for their architectural gran- 
deur. The City Hall, on Holiday-street, is 
a plain building, three stories high, having 
a portico of four massive pillars, and is occu- 
pied by the city council and several public 
offices. The Court House, corner of Monu- 
ment-square and Lexington-street, is a large 
and commanding building, and is appropri- 
ated to the city and county courts with 
their connected offices. It is 145 feet long 
and 65 feet wide, two stories high, and con- 
structed of marble and brick. In front are 
several Tuscan columns, and the whole is 
surmounted by a cupola of imposing appear- 
ance. There are eight market houses. 
The State Penitentiary consists of three 
large buildings, besides workshops and other 
structures and offices, and occupies four 
acres, surrounded by a stone wall 20 feet 
high, which incloses fine gardens. The 
prisoners work in company during the day, 
and at night are confined in separate cells. 
The County Prison, near the Penitentiary, 
is a neat building, with embattled towers 
at the end, and is surrounded by a cupola ; 
and there is also a House of Refuge. The 
Exchange is a large and handsome edifice, 
366 feet long by 140 feet wide; and the 
Roman Catholic cathedral is perhaps, with- 
out exception, the finest church in the 
Union, and excepting the cathedral in the 
city of Mexico, the finest in North America. 
It contains some good paintings. 

Baltimore has been styled the "Monu- 



B AL 



[54] 



BAL 



mental City." Its monuments, indeed, are 
its greatest ornaments and the source of 
much patriotic pride to the citizens. Wash- 
ington monument is the most imposing of 
these ; its base is 50 feet square and 20 feet 
high, on which is a pedestal supporting a 
Doric column of white marble 160 feet high 
and surmounted by a colossal statue of the 
" Father of his Country." This column has a 
diameter of 20 feet at the bottom and 14 feet 
at the top, and is ascended by an inside circu- 
lar staircase. The Battle monument, erected 
in memory of the successful defence of the 
city when attacked by the British in Sep- 
tember, 1814, is an elegant marble obelisk 
52 feet high, on which are inscribed the 
names of those who fell in that gallant af- 
fair, and surmounted by a fine statue emble- 
matical of the city of Baltimore. 

The buildings devoted to collegiate and 
academic purposes, to pubUc instruction and 
to science, are also worthy of attention. 



The city is bountifully supplied with pure 
and wholesome water from pubhc springs 
and fountains. These are inclosed by cir- 
cular railings, and covered by small open 
templets, consisting of columns supporting 
a dome, which are highly ornamental. The 
city, however, derives its great supply from 
an elevated part of Jones' Falls, from which 
the water is conducted through an aque- 
duct to a reservoir on Calvert-street, whence 
it is distributed in pipes. 

The lines of travel diverging from Balti- 
more are — the Bait, and Philadelphia R. R., 
97 m. long ; the Bait, and Susquehanna 
R. R., extending to Harrisburg, Pa. ; and the 
Bait, and Ohio R. R., with a Branch R. R. to 
Washington : and lines of steamships or 
sail vessels ply to Philadelphia, Norfolk and 
other Atlantic ports. These great routes 
of communication unite the city with every 
part of the Union, and insure a rapid and 
certain transit to its ever increasing trade. 



BALTIMORE COUNTY, the most important civil division of the state in reference 
to all material and social interests, is bounded on the s. by Chesapeake Bay and Patapsao 
r. ; on the w. by the n. branch of the latter river and Carroll co. ; on the N. by the state 
line, and on the e. by Hartford co. and Little Gunpowder Falb. Within these limits the 
area is 403,840 acres. With a surface generally varied and uneven, but with no portion 
incapable of agricultural improvement, this county is equal to the best portions of the 
state for all industrial employments. The rivers and falls which traverse its interior 
afford immense water power, and are the sites of milling operations more extensive than is 
found in any other portion of the Union. The banks of the Patapsco r., Gwinn's, Jones', 
and Great Gunpowder Falls and their tributaries, are literally alive with the din of in- 
dustry, and have long been the seats of a vast and flourishing trade. The soils are 
usually thin and rocky, yet fertile, and well adapted to the production of grain and 
grasses. An excellent wheat soil has been produced in some parts of the county by de- 
composition of hornblende rocks, forming what are called " red lands." The climate is 
mild and more constant than further south. Oak, hickory, chestnut, fir, maple, dogwood, 
cedar, ash, locust and pine are the chief varieties of timber. Fruit trees are also abun- 
dant, and in many parts their improvement has been cared for ; and in its variety and 
abundance of esculent vegetables the county is pre-eminently conspicuous. The mineral 
productions of Baltimore are also important : it has several varieties of building stone, 
and in the vicinity of Baltimore gneiss is most abundant, and is that generally used in 
that city. Granite, hornblende, quartz rock, limestone, serpentine and soapstone are the 
kinds of rock which most frequently occur. The latter is extensively used for furnace 
linings, &c., being the best non-conductor of heat known to the arts. Iron and copper 
ores and several species of chrome are abundant, and have been extensively manufactured. 
There are also found in the county large banks of red and yellow ochre and of magnesia ; 
and clay suitable for making bricks exists in abundance. Mineral springs are of frequent 
occurrence, chiefly chalybeate, but sometimes calcareous. 

This county was settled by English immigrants, and was named after the proprietary 
and founder of Maryland. It was organized in 1659. The first inhabitants were of the 
same class as the original colonists of St. Mary's ; but BaltimoFC and the neighborhood, 
on account of its fine commercial position and other advantages, attracted to itself at an 
early period a varied population — emigrants from almost every state of Europe, and with 
them was introduced the multiphcity of industrial employments which so distinguish it at 
the present day. In 1790, its population amounted to 38,937; in 1820, it had increased 
to 96,201 ; in 1830, to 120,876; in 1840, to 134,379, and in 1850.it was 210,646, of which 
174,853 were Avhite persons, 29,075 free colored persons, and 6,718 slaves; and of the 
aggregate, exclusive of slaves, 142,841 were natives of Maryland, and 19,169 natives of 
other parts of the Union, and 41,718 were foreigners, viz: 22,224 of German origin, 
14,558 from Ireland, and 3,378 from Great Britain ; but of this class it may here be stated 



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that 35,617 were domiciled ia the city of Baltimore, leaving only 6,301 foreigners in the 
rural districts. The population, as above accounted-for, was distributed in 34,925 families, 
and occupied 30,065 dwellings. Deaf and dumb, 71 ; blind, 89; insane, 297; and idiotic, 
76. Marriages in 1849-50, 1,826; births, 6,365; and deaths, 4,247. Slaves — manumit- 
ted, 33, and fugitive, 54. 

The number of farms in 1850 is stated at 1,655, covering 173,106 acres improved land, 
and 119,551 acres unimproved land; and the cash value of these was $10,242,218. Va- 
lue of farming implements, and machinery, $310,013. The live stock within the county 
consisted of 5,962 horses, 418 asses and mules, 9,024 milch cows, 741 working oxen, 
3,211 other cattle, 9,922 sheep, and 21,677 swine, valued at $055,743. The principal agri- 
cultural products of the year, ending 1st June, 1850, were — 



Article. Quantity. 

Wheat, bushels 234,187 

Rye « 15,236 

Indian com, " 755,224 

OatB, " 280,288 

Barley, " 205 

Buckwheat,. " 12,299 

Peas and beans, " 825 

Irish potatoes, " 141,119 



Article. 



Quaotity. Article. 



Tobacco, pounds . . 20 

Hay, tons 21,810 

Cloverseed, bushels.. 573 

Other grass seed. " .- 200 

Wine, gallons.. 56 

Wool pounds.. 19,745 

Butter, " ..355,700 

Cheese, " .. 10 



Value. 

$8,045 



Products of orchards.. .. 
" market gar- 
dens 115,590 

Home made goods 10 

Value of animals slaugh- 
tered 108,808 



The most valuable portion of the manufactures of the county belong to the city of Bal- 
timore, and are described under their appropriate head. The number of industrial estab- 
lishments, exclusive of those of the city, was, in 1850, 134, and the capital invested 
amounted to $3,387,410 ; value of raw material, fuel, &c., used in the previous year, 
$2,791,319; average number of hands employed — males, 1,926, and females, 1,451; aver- 
age amount of monthly wages — to males, $36,249, and to females, $14,764; value of pro- 
ducts for the year, $4,123,503. The most extensive establishments are those manufactur- 
ing cotton, flour, and iron ; but there are others of scarcely less importance. 



Manufac- No. of Estab- 

tures. lishments. 

Cotton goods 15 

Woolen goods 4 , 

Paper 13 

Leather-tanneries 7 

Iron mines ......13..... 

" furnaces 2 

" forges 1 



Capital in- 
vested. 



nailmills 1 105,000. 



$1,713,000. 
134,200. 

69,400, 

75,000 

26,700 
350,000 163,053 

21,000 



Value of raw ,— Hands employed > Value of 

material. Males. Females. products. 

$853,461 617 1,317 $1,258,512 

105,000 76 73 159,900 

80,501 69 43 152,740 



Copper mines 1. 

" refining 1. 

Flour mills 20. 

Grist " 20. 

Distillers 3. 



1,000. 

45,000. 

500,500. 

56,500. 

91,500. 



52,445 35... 

179... 

.165... 

13,420 16... 

56,700 140... 

23... 

105,400 15... 

1,085,272 70... 

77,800 25... 

133,481 30... 



77,700 
133,000 
145,000 

20,700 

140,000 

5,375 

115,500 

1,340,426 

95,150 
157,700 



And in addition to those enumerated, there are 2 agricultural implement factories, em- 
ploying 10 hands ; 7 blacksmitheries, with 21 hands ; 7 brickfields, with 307 hands ; 1 
chandlery, with 50 hands; 1 machine shop, with 30 hands; 2 powder mills, with 9 
hands ; 2 bark mills, with 7 hands ; 3 wheelwright shops, with 6 hands, &c. The prin- 
cipal moving power employed is water — steam is used in the cotton factories, iron fur- 
naces, and in some few other establishments. 

The average monthly wages of a farm hand with board, is $8, and the wages of a day 
laborer 50 cents with board and 75 cents without. Carpenters' wages average, without 
board, $1 12 a day ; and female domestics receive an average of $1 per week with board. 
The price of board to laboring men is about $2 a week. 

The value of real and personal estate in the county was, in 1850, $13,546,132; and the 
amoimt of all taxes $70,880, or about 5 mills on each $100 — state tax $32,605, county 
tax $32,605, and school tax $5,670. 

There were in the county in 1850, 62 primary and public schools, with 62 teachers, 
and 1,908 scholars : total cost of support Sl7,431, of which $5,670 was raised by tax, and 
$3,800 was received from public funds, the remainder from other sources. At the same 
time there were 9 academies and other schools, with 13 teachers and 205 pupils : cost of 
support $15,500, of which was from endowment funds $3,000, and from other sources 
$12,500. The aggregate number of children attending school in the year 1849-50 was 



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3,476 — 2,014 males, and 1,465 females. "Adults, "who cannot read and Tjxite," numbered 
2,035 — 1,996 natives and 39 foreigners. 

The number of churches was G3, with accommodation for 15,285 hearers, and the va- 
lue of all church property amounted to $121,340: 7 Baptist churches could accommodate 
1,770; S Episcopal, 2,300; 2 Friends, 350; 2 Lutheran, 500; 34 Methodist, 7,725; 5 
Presbyterian, 1,390; 4 Eoman Catholic, 900, and 1 Union or Free, 350. 

Baltimore City is the county seat of justice : and the following are the villages and 
post-offices — Black Rock, Brooklandville, Butler, Catonsville, Cockneysville, Cub HiU, 
Dover, Ellengowan, Fork Meeting House, Freeland, Gap MiUs, Govanstown, Harrison- 
ville, Hereford, Hookstown, Little Gunpowder, Long Green Academy, Maryland Line, 
Monkton Mills, North Branch, Owing's Mills, Philopohs, PikesvUle, Eeistertown, Eoss- 
ville, Ridge Hall, Sweet Air, Towsontown, Union Meeting House, Upperco, Warren, 
Washingtonville, Weisesburgh, Westerman's Mills, Wetheredville, Wliite Hall, &c. 



Barnesville, p. v., Montgomery co. 
Situate on the e. side of Little Monocacy r., 
23 m. N. w. of RockviUe, and 79 n. w. of 
Annapolis. 

Barren Creek Springs, p. o., Somerset 
CO. Situate on the n. side of Barren cr., 
a tributary from the e. of Nanticoke r., 22 
m. N. of Princess Anne, and 84 m. s. e. of 
Annapolis. 

Barren Island, Dorchester co. Situate in 
Chesapeake Bay, off Meekin's Neck, and 
separated from Hooper's Island by Tar Bay. 

Barry, p. v., Frederick co. Situate 16 m. 
K. of Frederick, and 91 n. w. of AnnapoUs. 

Battle Ground, Baltimore co. Situate a 
little to the e. of Baltimore city, on Pa- 
tapsco Neck. The site of a famous battle, 
fought in September, 1814. 

Bay Hundred, p. o., Talbot co. Situate on 
the E. shore of Eastern Bay of the Chesa- 
peake, 13 m. w. of Eastou, and 26 m. s. e. 
of Aunapohs. 

Beantown, p. v., Charles co. Situate on 
the post-road, 8 m. n. of Port Tobacco, and 
62 s. E. of Annapolis. 

Bear Creek, Baltimore co. A large inlet 
of Patapsco r., situate between Seller's Point 
and Patapsco Neck, the head of which ap- 
proaches the e. confines of Baltimore city. 

Beartown, v., Caroline co. Situate in the 
N. part of the county, 21 m. n. of Denton. 

Beaver Creek, Washington co. A tri- 
butary of Antietam cr. from South Moun- 
tain. 

Beaver Creek, p. o., Washington co. Sit- 
uate at the turnpike crossing of the creek, 
6 m. s. of Hagerstown, and 93 N. w. of 
Annapolis. 

Bel-air, co. seat and p. o., Harford co. 
Situate on a high ground between Winter's 
and Bynham's Runs, 8 m. n. of Bush Creek, 
53 N. by E. of Annapolis, and 63 n. e. of 
Washington. It is a pleasant village, con- 
taining a court-house, jail, and two or three 
churches, and about 200 inhabitants. The 
country which surrounds it is a fine agricul- 
tural district. A weekly newspaper is pub- 
lished here. 



Bel- An?, v., Kent co. Situate on the 
post-road, 8 m. w. of Chestertown. 

Belinda Spring, v., Washington co. Si- 
tuate on the w. side of Antietam co., 15 m. 
s. of Hagerstown. 

Bell Mount, p. c. Somerset co. 

Beltsville, p. v.. Prince George co. Si- 
tuate on the Av. side of the eastern branch 
of Potomac River, and on the hne of the 
Bait, and Washington E. R , 27 m. s. w. of 
Baltimore city, 18 n. w. of Upper Marlboro', 
and 28 w. s. w. of Annapohs. 

Benedict, p. v., Charles co. Situate on 
the w. side of Patuxent r., between Swan- 
ton and Indian creeks, 22 m. e. of Port 
Tobacco, and 59 s. s. w. of Annapolis. 

Bennett's Creek, Frederick co. A con- 
siderable stream tributary to Monocacy r., 
which it joins 8 m. from its mouth. 

Benevola, p. v., Washington co. Situ- 
ate on the turnpike, 8 m. w. N. w. of Fred- 
erick city, and 51 n. w. of Annapolis. The 
vicinity is unusually fertile and flourishing. 

Berlin, v., Frederick co. Situate on the 
N. side of Potomac r., on the Hne of Chesa- 
peake and Ohio Canal, and the Bait, and 
Ohio R. R., distant 14 m. s. w. of Frederick 
city, and 76 w. from Baltimore. 

Berlin, p. v., Worcester co. Situate near 
the head of Trap cr., 23 m. n, n. e. of Snow 
Hill, and 123 s. e. of Annapolis. The vi- 
cinity affords one of the finest farming 
regions in the whole county. 

Bevansville, v., Alleghany co. Situate 
on the Cumberland and Hancock turnpike, 
where it crosses Fifteen Mile Creek, 19 m. 
e. of Cumberland, and 148 n. w. of Anna- 
polis. 

Big Elk River, Cecil co. A considerable 
stream rising in Chester co.. Pa., and flow- 
ing s. into Elk r., which it joins a httle n. e. 
of Elkton. 

Big Mills, p. c, Dorchester co. Situate 
on Chicamacomico cr., a branch of Trans- 
quaking cr., 14 m. E. of Cambridge, 75 m. 
N. E. of Annapohs.. 

Big Patuxent River. A large stream, 
the main branch of Patuxent river, or more 



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properly the Patuxent itself. It forms the 
w. boundary of Howard co. and Anne 
Arundel co. in its whole length. 

Big Pipe Crkek, Carroll co. A tributary 
of Sam's Creek of Monocacy r., from Parr's 
Kidge. 

Bird's River, Baltimore co. A large arm 
of Gunpowder r. 

Black Island, Harford co. A small isl- 
and of Chesapeake Bay, oi? the E. coast of 
Swan Heck. 

Black Rock, p. o., Baltimore co. Situate 
on the w. side of Black Rock r., 20 m. n. of 
Baltimoro city, and 49 m. n. of Annapohs. 

Black Rock River, Baltimore co. A 
branch of Great Gunpowder Falls, from 
the N. w. 

Blackwater Creek, Dorchester co. A 
stream emptying into Fishing Bay. Ex- 
tensive marshes he upon both sides. 

Bladensburg, p. v., Prince George co. 
Situate on the e. side of the Eastern Branch 
of Potomac r., 7 m. N. e. of Washington, 

D. C, 33 s. w, of Baltimore, 13 n. w. of 
Upper Marlboro', and 34 w. of Annapolis. It 
lies on both sides of the Washington Branch 

E. R. It contains three churches, an academy, 
several stores, between 70 and 80 dwelhngs, 
and about 400 inhabitants. There is a min- 
eral spring in the village. The American 
arms sustained a defeat by the British at 
this place, on the 24th August, 1814, in at- 
tempting to arrest the progress of the Brit- 
ish towards Washington. 

Bloodsworth Island, Dorchester co. A 
large island of Chesapeake Bay, separated 
from the main land by Hooper's Strait. 

Bloomington, v., Alleghany co. Situate 
near the junction of Savage r. with the 
Potomac, and on the hne of the Bait, and 
Ohio R. R., 30 m. s. w. of Cumberland, and 
196 w. N. w. of Annapohs. 

Blue Ball, p. v., Cecil co. Situate one 
mile w. of Little Elk r., 10 m. n. n. w. of 
Elkton, and 81 n. e. of Annapohs. 

Blue Ball, v., Frederick co. Situate on 
the s. side of Israel's Creek, 6 m. e. of 
Frederick city. 

Bohemia Manor, Cecil co. A large neck 
of land lying between Back cr. and Bohe- 
mia r., so named. 

Bohemia River, Cecil co. A consider- 
able stream, tributary to Elk r., into which 
it empties 11 m. s. of Elkton. 

Bolingbroke Creek, Talbot co. A tribu- 
tary to Chop tank r., from the N. 

BooNSBORo', v., Carohne co. Situate one 
mile w. of Choptank cr., and 7 m. n, of 
Denton. 

BooNSBOROuGH, p. V., Washington co. 
Situate at the w. base of South Mountain, 
and 4 m. e. of Antietam cr., on the Frede- 



rick turnpike, 10 m. s. e. of Hagerstown, 
and 91 m. n. w. of Annapohs. In 1850, it 
contained 944 inhabitants — white persons, 
827 ; free colored, 27 ; and slaves, 90. The 
"Odd Fellow," a weekly newspaper, is 
published in Boonsborough. 

Braddock's Gap. A natural roadway in 
South Mountain, 10 m. s. E, of Hagers- 
town. 

Braddock's Run, Alleghany co. A tribu- 
tary stream to WOls Creek, into which it 
empties from the w., 3 m. n, of Cumber- 
land. 

Brandywine, p. v.. Prince George co. 
Distant 13 m. s. s. e. of Upper Marlborough, 
and 30 s. s. w. of Annapolis. 

Brereton, v., Somerset co. 

Brick Meeting-house, p, o., Cecil co. 
Situate on the e. side of the "West Branch 
of North-East River, 12 m. n. w. of Elkton, 
and 78 n. e. of Annapolis. 

Bridgetown, p. v., Caroline co. Situate 
on the e. side of Tuckahoe cr., 9 m. e. of 
Centreville, and 14 n. of Denton. 

Bridgetown, (or MUington,) v., Kent co. 
Situate on the n. side of Chester r., 18 m. e, 
of Chestertown. 

Bridgeville, p. v., Dorchester co. 

Briery Mountain, Alleghany co. One of 
the ridges of the Alleghanies, extending in 
a direction n. and s. from Youghiogeny r., 
in Pennsylvania, to Cheat r. in Vh'ginia, 
and forming part of the west boundary of 
the state of Maryland. Altitude, 2,600 feet 
above tide water of Potomac r. 

Bristol, p. v., Anne Arundel co. Situate 
a httle s. of West r., and distant 14 m. s. s. 
w. of Annapolis. 

Britton's Bay, St. Mary's co. An inlet 
of Potomac r. 

Broad Creek, Harford co. A tributary 
of Susquehanna r., draining the N. E. sec- 
tion of the county. 

Broad Creek, Prince George co. A tri- 
butary stream of Potomac r., into which it 
empties a few miles s. of Washington city. 

Broad Creek, p. c. Queen Anne co. 
Situate on a creek, so called, on the west- 
ern shore of Kent Island, almost directly 
opposite to the state capital, and on the 
main post-road thence to Centreville. Dis- 
tant 12 m. w. s. w. of Centreville, and 14 
m. E. of Annapolis. 

Broad Creek, Talbot co. A large arm of 
Chaptank r, 

Brooklandville, p. 0., Baltimore co. Si- 
tuate two miles w. of Jones's FaUs, 10 m. 
N. of Baltimore city. It is one of the prin- 
cipal stations on the line of the Westminster 
Branch R. R. 

Brookville, p. v., Montgomery co. Situ- 
ate on Reedy Branch, a creek of Patuxent 



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[58 ] 



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r., 11 m. N. N. E. of Eockville, and 64 n. n. w. 
of Annapolis. 

Brotuerton, p. v., Anne Arundel co. 
Situate on s. side Severn r., near its head, 
10 m. N. w. of Annapolis. 

Brownsville, p. o., Washington co., 7 m. 
S. of Hagerstown, and 95 K. w. of Annapolis. 

Bruceville, p. v., Carroll co. Situate on 
the w. side of Big Pipe Creek, 3 m. above 
its mouth in Sam's Creek, 16 m. "w. of 
Westminster, and 79 N. w. of Annapolis. 

Bryantown, p. v., Charles co. Situate 
on E. side of Allen's Fresh and Zackiah 
Swamp, 10 m. e. n. e. of Port Tobacco, and 
69 s. w. of Annapolis. 

Bryantown, v., Talbot co. Situate a 
mile s. of Wye r., and 12 m. n. of Easton. 

Buckey's Town, p. v., Frederick co. Situ- 
ate on the w. side of Monocacy r., 8 m. 
above its mouth, 6 s. of Frederick city, and 
81 N. w. of Annapohs. The Bait, and Olaio 



E. R. passes by the village, 63 m. w, cf 
Baltimore. 

BucKTowN, v., Dorchester co. Situate on 
the w. side of Transquaking cr., 12 m. s. s. E. 
of Cambridge. 

BuENA Vista, p. c. Prince George's co. 

Burrittsville, p. v., Frederick co. Situ- 
ate at the E. base of South Mountain, on 
Crampton's Gap road, 12 m. w. of Fred- 
erick city, and 92 m. n. w. of Annapolis. 

BuRRSViLLE, p. v., Caroline co. Situate 
near the state line, 6 m.'E. of Denton, and 
71 E. of Annapolis. 

Bush Creek, Frederick co. A stream 
flowing from Parr's Ridge to Monocacy r. 

Bush Neck, Harford co. The large 
peninsula on the west side of Bush r. 

Bush River, Harford co. A large inlet 
of Chesapeake Bay, receiving several fine 
streams from the north. 

Butler, p. v., Baltimore co. 



CALVERT COUN'TY occupies a long narrow strip or peninsula, lying between Chesa- 
peake Bay and Patuxent river, being separated from Anne Arundel county on the north, 
by Lyon's cr. and Fishing Bay. Its superficies contains only 153,400 acres, it being the 
smallest county, except the new county of Howard, witlain the state. The surface is un- 
dulating, and declines from a central divide towards the waters forming its boundaries, 
into which numerous small creeks disembogue. In the N. e. Fishing Bay forms a deep 
indentation of the coast, and there are several inlets, more or less expansive, on the s. w. 
coast ; but in its longitudinal dimensions, it presents a smooth front to the waters. The 
soil is usually a soft fine mould, well adapted to the culture of tobacco, corn, wheat, rye, 
oats, &c., and the drainage is excellent. Oak, chestnut, cedar, pine and locust are the 
natural timbers, and fruit trees of various kinds are abundant. Marl, which is found in 
almost all parts of the county, is used as the common fertilizer. No rocks or minerals, 
except perhaps bog iron and alumina, are found. The climate is warm and moist, but it 
is not accounted insalubrious. 

This county was settled by English Puritans in 1650, under Richard Brooke, who ob- 
tained from Lord Baltimore some special privileges for immigrants of this persuasion. It 
was at first called Charles county, in accordance wdth the terms of the grant ; but in 
1654 the order for the erection of Charles county was revoked by Gov. Stone, and Calvert 
county established in its stead. It has been the least progressive of all the counties ; in 
1790, jt contained 8,652 inhabitants ; in 1820, 8,073 ; in 1830, 8,889 ; in 1840, 9,229 ; and 
in 1850, 9,646 ; of which, 3,630 were white persons, 1,530 free colored persons, and 
4,486 slaves ; and of this population, omitting slaves, 5,1*41 were American born, and 13 
natives of foreign countries. Dwellings, 1,006 ; famiUes, 1,006. Births in the year ending 
June 1, 1850, 226 ; marriages, 17 ; deaths, 91. Deaf and dumb, 2 ; bhnd, 5 ; insane, 1 ; 
and idiotic, 2. 

In 1850, there were in the county 434 farms and plantations, covering 65,980 acres 
improved land and 45,611 unimproved land, together valued at $1,534,050. Value of 
farming implements and machinery, $34,938. The live stock owned was — horses, 1,773 ; 
asses and mules, 174; milch cows, 1,459; working oxen, 1,640; other cattle, 2,266; 
sheep, 5,297 ; and swine, 9,350, which was valued at $160,496. The products of a^^ricul- 
ture consisted of— wheat, 67,489 bushels ; rye, 2,492 ; Indian corn, 351,890 ; oats, 23,644; 
peas and beans, 130 ; Irish potatoes, 2,658 ; and sweet potatoes, 1,740 bushels ; tobacco, 
the staple of the county, 3,109,258 pounds; and hay, 112 tons; wool, 14,773 pounds ; 
butter, 26,787 pounds ; and animals slaughtered to the value of $46,864. Home manu- 
factured goods were produced to the value of $5,941. 

Not a single industrial establishment, producing to the value of $500 a year, is found 
within the county. The average monthly wages of a farm hand with board, is $4 50, 
and day laborers earn 62 cents without, and 44 cents with board. Carpenters average 
$1 12 per diem, and the weekly wages with board of female domestics is 44 cents. The 
price of board for laboring men averages $1 37 a week. 



CAM 



[59 ] 



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The assessed value of real and personal estate in the county on the 1st June, 1850, was 
$2,151,952, (true value, $2,474,096) ; and the taxation raised thereon amounted to 
$14,950, viz. : state tax, $5,379 ; county tax, $9,038 ; and school tax, $533. Paupers in 
the county, GO; annual cost, $1,000; convicts, 1. 

On 1st June, 1850, there were only 12 primary and public schools and two " academies" 
in the whole county. The primary schools were provided with one teacher each, and in 
the aggregate, had 320 scholars, but 580 had attended school within the year: cost, 
$3,866, of which $533 was produced from endowment funds ; $533 from taxation ; 
$1,500 from public funds ; and $1,300 from other sources. The academies had also only 
one teacher each, and together had 55 pupils : cost in 1849-50, $446, of which sum 
$266 was received from public funds, and $180 from other sources. There are no public 
or school libraries in Calvert, and only four private libraries containing 7,000 volumes. A 
newspaper is published weekly at the county seat. White " adults who cannot read and 
■write," 358 — 357 natives and 1 foreigner. 

The county contained at the date assumed, 11 churches, capable of accommodating 
7,400 persons, and the value of church property was, $27,400 : 7 Methodist churches 
could seat 4,600 persons, and 4 Episcopal churches, 2,800 persons. 

Prince Fredericktown is the county seat of justice, and the following are the principal 
villages and post-offices : Chestnut Hill, Dunkirk, Huntington, Lower Marlborough, Port 
Republic, St. Leonards, &c. 



Cambridge, go. seat and p. o., Dorchester 
CO. Situate on the s. side of Choptank r., 
■which is here two miles wide, 12 m. from 
Chesapeake Bay ; lat. 38"* 40', n., and long. 
1° 03' E. of Washington, D. C. It contains 



a court-house, county jail, an academy, three 
churches, and some fine houses. Two 
weekly newspapers are published here. 
Distant 61 m. s. of AnnapoUs, and 101 s. E. 
of Washington. Pop. 300. 



_ CAROLINE COUNTY is a small district of 198,400 acres, lying between Choptank 
river and the Delaware state Hne. The surface is level, and the soil somewhat varied in 
its nature, but mostly sandy. Its drainage is through several branches of the Choptank 
and Marshy Bope creek, a long branch of Nanticoke river rising iu the neighboring state, 
and crossing this county in its s. e. portion. No important rocks or minerals are found ; 
but marl, which the farmers use as a fertiUzer, is abundant. White and black oak, hickory 
and pine, are the prevailing natural timbers. This county was settled in the beginning of 
the 17th century, and was organized by an act of the colonial assembly in 1773, having 
previously been governed as a part of Frederick county, which originally covered the 
greater poition of the state. Deprived of all extraordinary advantages of position, and 
with a soil none of the best, the population has never been much increased by immigra- 
tion invited by an improveable country ; and hence a natural increase has been the only 
recuperation it has had to depend upon for inhabitants. In 1790, the population was 
9,506; in 1820, it had increased to 10,108; in 1830, it was 9,070; in 1840, 7,806; and 
in 1850, 9,692 ; of which 6,096 were white persons, 2,788 free colored persons, and 808 
slaves. Only 10 persons of foreign birth were found in the county by the takers of the 
7th census. Deaf and dumb, 2 ; blind, 4 ; insane, 3 ; and idiotic, 9. Slaves — manumitted 1, 
and fugitive 3. 

The whole number of farms in 1850 was 730, which included 117,300 acres of improved 
land, and 54,801 of unimproved land, valued together at $1,105,295 ; and the value of 
farming implements and machinery was $32,932. The live-stock consisted of 1,881 
horses, 180 asses and mules, 1,870 milch cows, 1,141 working oxen, 2,863 other cattle, 
3,570 sheep, and 9,218 swine ; valued together at $167,365 ; and the products of animals 

were — wool, 9,297 pounds ; butter, 41,864 pounds ; and cheese, ; and the value of 

animals slaughtered, 1849-50, was $40,367. The products of the soil were— wheat, 
42,879 bushels ; rye, 13,708; Indian corn, 355,520 ; oats, 17,422: Irish potatoes, 11,386; 
and sweet potatoes, 6,478 bushels; the value of orchard products, $580; hay, 50 tons; 
and flax, 45 pounds. The value of home-made manufactures was $593. 

No industrial establishments, producing annually to the value of $500, exist in the 
county. 

The average monthly wages of a farm hand with board, are $6 ; average wages of a 
day-laborer with board, 35 cents, and without board, 50 ; average day wages of a car- 
penter without board, $1 25 ; weekly wages of a female domestic with board, 75. Price 
of board to laboring men, $1 50 per week. 

The total value of all personal and real estate in the county in 1850, was $1,421,826, 



CAR [ 60 J CAR 

and the assessed taxation, $11,497, of which $3,615 was state tax, and $7,882 county tax- 
The number of paupers supported during the year, and on the hst on the 1st June, 1850, 
was 74, supported at an annual cost of $1,300. No convictions are recorded for the same 
year. 

There were in the county on 1st June, 1850, 25 primary and public schools, with 
25 teachers and 518 scholars: cost, $6,064, of which $4,546 Avas provided from the 
county funds, and $1,518 from other sources. The wliole number of children that had 
attended school during the year, was 887. There is -neither college nor academy in the 
county. " Adults, who cannot read and write," (slaves excluded,) numbered 1,367 — 
namely, 403 white persons, and 964 free colored persons, equal to one-seventh of the 
adult whites, and all the adult free colored. 

The whole number of churches was 21, capable of accommodating 8,870 persons, and 
the value of church property was $7,650: 2 Friends' churches could seat 350 persons; 16 
Methodist, 7,950 ; 2 Presbyterian, 370 ; and 1 Eoman Catholic, 200. It is worthy of re- 
mark in this connection, that this is, perhaps, the only county in the United States, and 
certainly in Maryland, in which the value of church property is less than one dollar per 
head of the population ; and that only one other county in Maryland is entirely destitute 
of an academy, or higher school than those denominated primary and pubhc. Truly, re- 
ligion and education require some stimulus in this region. 

Denton is the county seat of justice, and the following are villages and post-offices: — 
Bridgetown, Burrsville, Federalsburgh, Greensborough, Hillsborough, New Hope, Upper 
Hunting Creek. 

CARROLL COUNTY is situate in the north part of the state, between the counties of 
Baltimore and Frederick, and extends north and south from the state line to the west 
branch of Patapsco river. Its superficies contains 295,680 acres. Parr's Ridge, a moun- 
tain of some elevation, traverses the county in a direction n. e. and s. av., and forms the 
water-shed dividing the streams falling into Patapsco r. and Chesapeake Bay, from those 
flowing to the Monocacy and Potomac rivers. The surface is generally hilly and rocky, 
and the soils thin, but there is much good farming laud, with fine streams. Wheat and 
oats are the cereal staples ; grazing, however, the chief employment. The principal water- 
courses are the branches of Patapsco river and a number of fine streams tributaTy to Mono- 
cacy river, on most of which excellent mill sites are found. The water of this county is 
remarkably pure and good. Iron and copper ores are fouild in many parts, and some 
mining operations have been carried on. Chestnut, oak and hickory are the principal 
timber growth. 

The earliest settlement within Carroll was made about the year 1700, but it was not 
organized into a separate county until 1836, when by an act of the legislature it was 
taken from Baltimore and Frederick counties. In 1840 it contained 17,241 inhabitants, 
and in 1850, 20,616, namely: 18,667 white persons, 974 free colored persons, and 975 
slaves; and of this population, the slaves excluded, 17,276 were born in Maryland, 1,611 
in other parts of the Union, and 754 in foreign counties. Number of dwellings 3,476, and 
of famihes 3,593. Births during 1849-50, 484 ; marriages, 96 ; and deaths, 168. Deaf 
and dumb, 8; blind, 14; insane, 11; and idiotic, 22. 

The county in 1850 contained 1,387 farms, which covered 153,519 acres improved land, 
and 65,252 acres unimproved land, valued at .$5,337,282. The value of farming imple- 
ments and machinery was 8203,298. The amount of live stock is comparatively large, and 
consisted of — horses, 5,027 ; asses and mules, 34 ; milch cows, 6,483 ; working oxen, 58 ; other 
cattle, 3,044; sheep, 6,557;. and swine, 19.227 ; valued in the aggregate at $493,547. The 
crops of 1849-50 consisted of — wheat, 265,007 bushels; rye, 27,378; Indian corn, 343,008; 
oats, 223,179 ; and buckwheat, 5,765 ; Irish potatoes, 48,002 bushels; and sweet potatoe.s, 434 
bushels; tobacco, 165,332 pounds; wine, 99 gallons; hay, 20,771 tons; clover seed, 2,271 
bushels, and other grass seed, 450 bushels; dew-rotted hemp, 30 tons; flax, 3,696 pounds; 
and flax-seed, 394 bushels ; bees-wax and honey, 1,900 pounds, &LC. The value of the pro- 
ducts of orchards was $11,166. The principal products of animals consisted of — butter 
444,759 pounds, or more than one-tenth the product of the state, and cheese 1,150 
pounds; wool 14,711 pounds; and the value of animals slaughtered was $186,246. The 
value of home-made manufactures was $3,303. 

The products of the manufactures consist principally of flour, leather, cotton, and 
woolen goods, paper, earthenware, &;c. In 1850 there were in the county 121 industrial 
establishments ; capital invested $246,800 ; hands employed — males 324, and females 33 ; 
average monthly wages paid, $6,047, and value of products, $352,309 ; 30 flour mills em- 



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ployed 50 hands and produced to the value of $96,350 a year; 20 tanneries employed 
57 hands and produced $99,315; 1 cotton factory employed 40 hands and produced 
$24,000: 6 woolen factories employed 18 hands and manufactured to the value of 
$12,790 ; and besides these there were also 3 agricultural implement factories, 17black- 
smitli shops, 6 boot and shoe factories, 1 clothier's shop, 2 potteries, 1 hat and cap fac- 
tory, 1 lime kiln. 1 bark mill, 9 gristmills. 4 paper mills, 2 copper mines, 1 iron mine, 6 
saddleries, 1 soapstone quarry, 1 stone-cutting shop and 3 tinneries. 

The average wages of farm hands with board are $10 per month : of day-laborers with 
board 50 cents, and without board 75 cents ; of a carpenter $1 per day, and of a female 
domestic with board 62 cents per week The average price o! board for laboring men 
is SI 50 per week. 

The Baltimore and Ohio R.R. passes through the southern part of this county, taking 
the course of the West Branch of Parapsco river; and good turnpikes diverge from West- 
minster — s. E. towards Baltimore, N. w. towards Taneytown, and n. towards Carlisle, Pa, 

The value of real and personal estate in 1850 was $6,629,812, and the amouiitof taxes 
assessed thereon was $30,834, of which $17,356 was state tax, and $13,478 county tax. 
The number of paupers supported during 1840-50 was 107, at an aggregate cost to the 
county of .^^3,526. Convicts during the same year, 3 — 2 natives and 1 foreigner. 

Tlie county had 31 primary and public schools, with 31 teachers aird 708 scholars : cost 
$4,740 per annum; 12 academies and other schools with 16 teachers and 252 pupils : 
cost §5.565 per annum; and 1 college with 5 teachers and 30 students : cost $3,000 per 
annum. The whole number of children attending the schools during the year had been 
2,706 — 1,528 males and 1,178 females. •' Adults who cannot read and write,'" 314 — 129 
•white persons and 185 free colored persons. The libraries in the county numbered 70, 
and 7,740 volumes, 64 of which were private, 5 Sunday school l-ibraries and 1 college 
library, the latter containing 300 volumes. There are two newspapers published at 
VVestminstei. 

There were 40 churches in the county capable of containing 20,300 persons, and the 
value of church property was $56,800 ; the Baptists had 2 churches, the Epiccpalians 3, 
the Friends 1, the Geiman Reformed 1, the Lutherans 6, the Methodists 17. the Presby- 
terians 3, the Roman Catholics 2, the Union or Free church .3, the Tuiikers 1, and the 
Churcli of God 1. None ol these separately can accommodate more than 800 persons. 

Westminster is the county seat of justice, and the following are the principal villages 
and post-offices: Bach man's MiUs, Bruceville, Double Pipe Creek, Finksburgh, Frank- 
linville. Freedom, Hampstead, Hood's Mills, Houck's Store, McKinstry's Mills, Krolrs 
Mills, Manchester, Middleburgh, Mount Airy, New Windsor, Piney Creek, Porter's, 
Ridgeville, Sam's Creak, Sykesville, Taneytown, Union Bridge, Union Mills, Unioniown, 
Wakefield, Warfieldhurgh, Wintield, Woodbine, &c. 



Carroll's Island, Baltimore co. A pen- 
insula of Chesapeake Bay, between Salt- 
petre cr. and Gar Gut, 12 m. e. of Baltimore 
city. 

Carter's, v., Carroll co. Situate near the 
head of Piney Branch of Patapsco r., 10 m. 
s. w. of Westminster. 

Catonsville, p. v., Baltimore co. Situate 
two miles n. of Patapsco r., 8 m. w. of Bal- 
timore city, and .36 n. of Annapolis. 

Catocti.v Furnace, p. v., Frederick co. Sit- 
uate on the X. side of Little Hunting cr., 
about 12 ra. N. of Frederick city, and 87 n. w. 
of Annapolis. 

Catoctin Mountain, Frederick co. A 



high ridge of the Alleghanies, traversing 
this county in a direction n. and s. Nume- 
rous fine streams rising on its slopes are 
tributaries to Monoeacy r. and Catoctin cr. 

Catoctin River, Frederick co. Flows 
through the valley between South and Ca- 
toctin Mountains, from which it has nume- 
rous tributary streams which rise on their 
slo])es. It is a fine milling stream, and falls 
into Potomac r., a little w. of Point of 
lU)cks. 

Cavetown, p. v., Washington co. Situate 
on Cave Branch of Beaver Cieek, 8 in. e. 
of Hagerstown, and 103 n. w. of AnnapoHs. 
In 1S50 it contained 167 inhabitants. 



CECIL COUNTY occupies the n. e. corner of the state, e. of Susquehanna river, 
and N. of Sassafras river, and contains a superficies of 230,400 acres. It has gi-eat 
advantages of position, and is traversed by the great southern line of rail-road ; and its 
water-front and inland navigable rivers are extensive and available for commerce. 
North East r.. Elk r., Back cr., Bohemia r., and Sassafras r., arms of the Chesapeake, are 
the principal streams, and afford both mill power and navigation. The Chesapeake and 
Delaware Canal has its w. terminus in Back cr. The surface of Cecil county is generally 



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undulating, but in some parts broken and hilly. The soil is light and loamy, with a red- 
dish clay subsoil. There are some few tracts of what is called " white-oak soil," and 
some barren hills of gravel. Granite, gneiss, mica and slate occur in the upper part of 
the county. At Port Deposit, there are immense and valuable granite quarries ; soap- 
stone is found in several parts along the line of the Susquehanna river ; iron ores, 
chromes, &e.. abound on the northern line ; and large deposits of mineral found here are 
washed and made into Epsom Salts and Magnesia; marl is abundant, especially on 
Bohemia r., and is used as a fertilizer. The natural growths of the county comprise 
white and black oak, chestnut, pine, and hickory. 

This county was organized in 1674. The first settlers were Swedes, from Delaware 
Bay, who arrived here in 1640. The population, in 1790, was 13,625 ; in 1820, it had 
increased to 16,048 ; in 1830, it was only 15,432 ; but in 1840, it had again increased to 
17,230 ; and in 1850, it was 18,939 : namely, 15,472 white persons ; 2,623 free colored 
persons, and 844 slaves ; and of the population, slaves excluded, 14,358 were natives of 
Maryland, 2,949 of other parts of the Union, and 788 of foreign states. Dwellings, 
3.056, and families, 3,114. Births in 1849-50, 493; marriages, 53; and deaths, 227. 
Deal and dumb, 8: blind, 8: insane, 10; and idiotic, 31. 

There were in the county on the 1st June, 1850, 1,208 farms, covering 1 15,866 acres im- 
proved lauds, and 63,821 acres unimproved lands, together valued at $5,224,556 The value 
offarming implements and machinery was $107,184. Of the live stock, the following num- 
bers were ascertained: 3,254 horses, 80 asses and mules, 4,184 milch cows, 1,522 work- 
ing oxen, 4,939 other cattle, 4.705 sheep, and 9,767 swine, valued in the aggregate at 
$377,135; and the products of animals were — wool, 17,373 pounds; butter, 279.078 
pounds; cheese, 1,225 pounds ; and the value of animals slaughtered, was $77,868. The 
quantity of beeswax and honey returned, was 1,113 pounds. The products of the soil 
■were— wheat, 168,112 bushels; rye, 232;' Indian corn, 410,060 ; oats, 208,380 ; barley, 
6 ; buckwheat, 5,673 ; Irish potatoes, 45,812 ; and sweet potatoes, 427 bushels. The 
value of orchard products was $5,837, and of market-garden products, $125. Other 
products were— hay, 9,288 tons; clover-seed, 2,777 bushels, other grass-seed, 200 
bushels; hops, 39 pounds; dew-rotted hemp, 3 tons; flax, 155 pounds; flax-seed, U 
bushels ; and silk cocoons, 2 pounds. The value of home-made manufactures was $634. 

At the above date there were in the county 170 industrial establishments; capital in- 
vested in manufactures, $527,990 ; value of raw material, &c., consumed, $418,062 ; hands 
employed — 774 males, and 119 females; average monthly wages paid — males, $15,522; 
and females, $1,134. Value of products in 1849-50, $776,857. The principal branches 
■were as follows : 



Establishments. No. Capital. Hands. Products. 

Agricul. irapl 17.. $7,150.... 46 $25,210 

Blacksmiths 31.. 7,500 76 31,900 

Brick. 1.. 20,000 25 15,000 

Cabinetware 5.. 6,600 12 5,200 

Earthenware 2.. 1,200 8 2,800 

Factories, cotton 2. .48,000 97 89,284 

woolen.. .5. .31,500 45 45,754 



Establishmenti. 
Foundries.... 



No. Capital. Hands. Products. 

. . 1 .. $1 ,800 2 «2,000 

.204 81,000 

..35 121,000 

..15 57,548 

..16 42,000 

..70 86,000 



Furnaces 2... 68,000.. 

Mills, flour 22. .104,600-. 

" grist 8. ..32,400.. 

" paper 3. ..42,500.. 

" rolling 3. ..111,000.. 

Tanneries 2. . ..10,000 7 8,850 



And, besides the above, the census enumerates 3 bake-houses, 24 boot and shoe shops, 3 
carpenters' shops, 8 clothiers, 3 carriage factories, 1 edge tool factory, 1 bark mill, 1 clover 
mill, 4 saw mills, 7 millineries, 1 mill-wright shop, 4 saddleries, 4 stone quarries, and 2 
tin shops. Water is used as the moving power in all cases, except in the iron foundries, 
in which steam power is employed. 

The average Avages to a farm-hand, with board, is $10 a month; a day laborer 50 
cents, with board, and 75 cents without; a carpenter, $1 a day ; and to a female domestic, 
with board, 75 cents a week. Average price of board to laboring men, $1 75 a week. 

The value of real and personal estate in 1850, was $5,191,099, (true valuation, 
$6,500,000;) and the amount of taxation assessed thereon, $38,386, of which $13,452 was 
state tax, and $25,334 county tax. The county, in 1849-50, supported, at an expense of 
$2,200, 48 paupers, of which 41 were receiving aid on the 1st of June of the latter year. 

Education is provided for in 51 primary and public schools, and in 4 academies and 
other schools. Dm-ing the year ending 1st June, 1850, 2,555 scholars had been attend- 
ing school ; and at the date above named, there were in the primary and public schools 
1,331 scholars, and in the academies, &c., 182 pupils. The expenses of the first 
were, for the year, $12,760, and of the latter, $2,372. There were, at the same date, 29 



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libraries, with 9,336 volumes, in the county ; viz : 3 private, with 4,100 volumes ; and 26 
Sunday School libraries, with 5,236 volumes. Two newspapers were published weekly at 
Elkton. The number of "Adults that cannot read and write" was 157 whites and 696 
free colored. 

There were 39 churches in the county, capable of accommodating 10,020 persons, 
and the value of church property was $92,900 ; the Episcopalians had 3 churches, with 
accommodation for 750; the Friends had 2 churches, for GOO; the Methodists 26 
churches, for 7,370 ; the Presbyterians 5 churches, for 550 ; and the Roman Catholics 3 
churches, for 750 persons. 

Elkton is the county seat of justice, and the following are the principal villages and post- 
offices : Blue Ball, Brick Meeting-House, Cecilton, Charlestown, Cherry Hill, Chesapeake 
City, College Green, Fair Hill, Northeast, Perry ville. Port Deposit, Principio Furnace, Ris- 
ing Sun, Rock Springs, Rowlandsville, South Milford, Warwick, Wood Lawn and Zion. 



Cecilton, p. v., Cecil co. Situate 3 m. 
N. of Sassafras r., 14 m. s. of Elkton, and 
78 m. N. E. of Annapolis. 

Cedar Point, St. Mary's co. A point of 
land at the mouth of Patuxent r., jutting 
towards Chesapeake Bay. 

Centreville, CO. seat and p. o., Queen 
Anne co. Situate at the h«ad of Corsica 
or., 9 m. from Chester r., 39 e. by n. of 
Annapolis, and 79 e. by n. of Washington. 
It is pleasantly situated, in a fertile tract of 



country, and contains a court-house, county 
prison, an academy, Methodist church, and 
several handsome buildings. Pop. 200. 

Chapman Town, v., Charles co. Situate 
one mile w. of Allen's Fresh and Zachiah 
Swamp, and 8 m. e. of Port Tobacco. 

Chaptico, p. v., St. Mary's co. Situate 
on the s. side of Chaptico cr., 3 m. from 
Wicomico r., 8 m. w. of Leouardtown, and 
75 s. of Annapolis. Chaptico cr, is naviga- 
ble for sloops to the village. 



CHARLES COUNTY occupies a large tract of 294,400 acres between the Patuxent 
and Potomac rivers, with Prince Ceorge county on the north, and St. Mary's on the 
south-east. Its surface is similar in character to the whole shore region of Maryland, low 
and sandy, with scarcely a rock in its whole extent. The soil is naturally indifferent, and 
has been much exhausted by neglectful culture, but the farmers are at the present time 
using means to restore and improve it. It is well drained by a number of streams, flow- 
ing to the rivers, which inclose it on two sides, and large inlets indent its southern coast. 
This is entirely an agricultural county, and much of its industry is devoted to tobacco- 
growing, but, perhaps, even a surplus of grain is also produced. The lands are essentially 
proper for the lueed^ and its climate being warm and moist, is congenial. In respect of 
commercej it has many facilities in its navigable waters and good harbors. Port Tobacco, 
however, is its chief outlet, and here is a great tobacco market. The natural timbers 
of the county are — locust, oak, cedar, ash, and persimmon, and its fruit trees are various 
and abimdant. 

The first settlements were made within the limits of this county in 1640, by emigrants 
from St. Mary's, where the original pilgrims formed the nucleus of the colony. The 
county was organized in 1658. It has never had a large population. In 1790, it con- 
tained 20,613 inhabitants; in 1820, it was found to have decreased its numbers to 
16,500; in 1830, its population amounted to 17,666 ; in 1840, to 16,023 ; and m 1850, to 
16.162, of which 5,665 were white persons, 91.3 free colored persons, and 9,584 slaves; 
and of the population, exclusive of slaves, 6,463 were born in Maryland, 87 in other 
states of the Union, aid 28 io foreign countries — a most domestic commujut^, untilled 
by the guano of foreign exuvium. Dwellings, 1,335 ; and families, 1,33.'). Deaf and 
dumb, 3 ; blind, 5 ; insane, 6 ; and idiotic, 7. Slaves — manumitted durfn;; the year 2, 
and fugitive 6. 

There were in 1850, 709 farms in the county, covering 126,232 acres improved lands, 
and 115,120 acres unimproved lands, valued together at $2,472,279. Thf value of agri- 
cultural implements was $57,785. The amount of live stock owned was- -horses, 2,698, 
asses and mules, 744 : milch cows, 2,895 ; working oxen, 2,988 ; othf," cattle, 5,899 ; 
sheep, 10,116; and swine, 1,615; and the value of all, collectively, wa? $293,266. The 
products of the soil for the year ending 1st June. 1850, were — wheat, 149,533 bushels ; 
rye, 4.309 ; Indian corn, 458,348 ; oats, 25,684 : barley, 50, and buckwheat, 13 bushels • 
peas and beans, 868 bushels; Irish potatoes, 11,752, and sweet potatoes, 3,631 bushels; 
tobacco, 2,862,300 pounds ; hay, 235 tons ; clover-seed, 5 bushels, &c., &c. The value 
of orchard products was $591, and of market-garden products, $1,202. The products of 
animals were — wool, 20,928 pounds, and butter, 42,315 pounds; and the value of ani- 



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mals slaughtered was $71,481. The value of home-made manufactures was $13,408 ; a 
sum only equaled in two other counties, those of St. Mary and Worcester. 

No manufactures, the annual products of which amount in value to $500, are carried 
on in this county, and hence no industrial returns are given in the census. Wages are 
very low here ; a farm-hand averages only $5 a month and board ; a day laborer, with 
board, has only 50 cents, or without board, 75 cents ; carpenters average $1 25 a day ; 
and the weekly wages of a female domestic, with board, averages 75 cents. The price 
of board to laboring men is $2 a week. 

The value of real and personal estate in this county was assessed at $3,330,717, (true 
valuation $6,645,891;) and the taxes amounted to $20,859; viz: state tax, $8,280; 
county tax, $6,651 ; school tax, $3,000 ; poor tax, $2,000 ; and road tax, $928. The 
number of paupers supported in 1849-50 was 65, and the number on the lists on the 1st 
June, 1850, was 36. No convictions had been made during the year, and only two con- 
victs were in prison. 

The whole number of children that had attended school during the year was 830 ; 784 
at 31 primary and public schools, and 50 at 4 academies and other schools. These were 
all white children. There were in the county 10 private libraries, containing 15,500 vol- 
umes ; 1 school library, with 200 volumes ; and 2 church libraries, with 550 volumes. 
The number of white "Adults who cannot read and write" was 399, and the number of 
free colored adults, 329. The " Port Tobacco Times" is the only newspaper published in 
the county. 

There were 23 churches in the county : 7 Episcopal, with accommodations for 1,900 
hearers ; 7 Roman Catholic, for 1,900 ; 7 Methodist, for 1,650 ; and 2 Baptist, for 400. 
The total value of church property was $111,450. 

Port Tobacco is the county seat of justice, and the following are the principal villages 
and post-offices : Allen's Fresh, Beantown, Benedict, Bryantown, Duffield, Glymont, 
Harris' Lot, Nanjemoy, New Port, Partnership, Pomonkey, Tompkinsville, &c. 



Charlestown, p. v., Cecil co. Situate 
on the w. side of North East r., 5 m. from 
Chesapeake Bay, 11 ra. w. of Elkton, and 
71 N. E. of Annapolis. It is a place of con- 
siderable trade, and has great advantages of 
transportation by the Bait, and Philadel- 
phia R. R., which passes close by it on the 
N. Pop. 160. 

Charlotte Hall, p. v., St. Mary's co. 
Situate at the head of Cool Springs cr., 8 
m. w. of Patuxent r., 20 n. n. w. of Leon- 
ardtown, and 66 s. of Annapolis. "Char- 
lotte Hall," an academy, endowed and sup- 
ported by the state, is located here. It 
consists of three brick buildings, and is suf- 
ficiently capacious for lodging 100 students. 
The situation is elevated, pleasant and heal- 
thy. In 1850, it had 63 students, 43 of 
whom were boarders in the village, and the 
residue villagers. The farms in the neigh- 
borhood are improving. Tobacco is the 
staple product; but of late years, consider- 
able quantities of wheat have been grown. 
Benedict, on the Patuxent, is the outlet of 
this region. The village contains 15 dwell- 
mgs and 115 inhabitants. 

Cherry Hill, p. o., Cecil co. Situate 4 
m. N. of Elkton, and contains a Methodist 
church, a school-house, several stores and 
work-shops, 22 dwelling-houses, princijjally 
frame, and about 100 inhabitants. Twenty 
years ago there were few settled in this 
neighborhood ; now, within the circuit of 
two miles round the village, there are 5 



paper mills, 4 gi-ist mills, a rolling mill, and 
two cotton factories, one of which employs 
100 hands ; and the farming population is 
comparatively dense. 

Chesapeake Bay, the upper and by far 
the greater portion of which lies within 
Maryland, is the largest in the United States, 
and one of the largest in the world. Its 
entrance is between Cape Charles and Cape 
Henry, in Virginia, 12 miles apart ; and it 
extends inland 270 m. n., dividing Maryland 
into two unequal parts, called, locally, the 
Eastern and Western shores. It is from 7 
to 20 miles broad, and generally as much as 
9 fathoms deep. This great bay affords 
many commodious harbors, and a safe and 
easy navigation. Numerous fine rivers 
empty themselves into its basin ; the Sus- 
quehanna, at its northern terminus, the 
Potomac on the west side, and James, near 
its mouth, being the largest ; and, besides 
these, it receives the waters of the Rappa- 
hannock, tlie Patuxent, the Patapsco, the 
Chester, Elk, Choptank, Nanticoke, and 
numerous others. The area drained by 
these, its tributaries, has been estimated at 
72,000 square miles. Baltimore, Havre de 
Grrace, Annapolis, &;c., are the principal 
commercial places within its circuit, in 
Maryland. 

Chesapeake City, p. v., Cecil co. Situ- 
ate at the confluence of Broad cr. and Back 
cr., of Elk r., and at the w. terminus of the 
Chesapeake and Delaware Canal. 



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Chesnut Hill, p. o., Calvert co. Situate 
13 m. N. of Prince Frederick Town, and 34 
s. of Annapolis. 

Chesteu River, a large stream of the 
Eastern Shore of this state, rising in Dela- 
ware, and flowing nearly s. w., dividing in 
its course the counties of Queen Anne and 
Kent^ and falling into a large estuary of 
Chesapeake Bay, between Swan Point and 
Love Point. It is navigable to Chester- 
town, the county-seat of Kent, 30 miles. 

Chestertown, seaport, co. seat and p. o., 
Kent CO. Situate on a fine and open plain, 
on the N. w. side of Chester r., 30 m. above 
its confluence with Chesapeake Bay, 45 
m. E. s. E. of Baltimore, 54 n. e. of Annapo- 
lis, and 89 n. e. of Washington. It con- 
tains a court-house ; the county-prison, a 
neat fire-proof building; 4 churches, 1 
Episcopal and 3 Methodist; Washington 
College, a branch of the University of 
Maryland, and about 200 houses, of which 
50 are brick buildings, and several are com- 
modious and elegant. There is also a bank- 
ing-house and a small market-house, in 
which markets are held twice a week. 
Washington College, which was incorpora- 
ted in 1782, is situate on a beautiful emi- 
nence, overlooking the town, and is a hand- 
some brick edifice, 180 feet long, and three 
stories high. In 1850, it had 5 professors, 
and about 70 students, with a library of 
1,500 volumes, — commencement, 20th Au- 
gust, annually. For many years after its 
foundation the building was appropriated 
to the accommodation of a grammar school. 
There is also in the town an academy, a 
ladies' boarding-school, and two primary 
schools. The "Kent News," a weekly paper, 
is published here. The police of the town 
is under the direction of seven commission- 
ers, elected by the citizens yearly. The 
plat of the town, which was laid out in 
1706, contains 100 acres. Population in 
1850, 1,295 ; of which 795 were whites, 
350 free colored persons, and 150 slaves. 
No town on the Eastern Shore possesses 
greater local advantages than Chestertown ; 
its navigation to the Chesapeake is uninter- 
rupted, and its climate delightful and 
healthy, while a fertile and well-cultivated 
country surrounds it, furnishing every kind 
of produce grown in the latitude, for 
market and domestic use. Formerly it was 
a port of entry, and had a large export 
trade, but from its proximity to Baltimore, 
its commerce has been attracted to that 
port. It has several steamboats and sailing 
vessels, making regular trips to and from 
Baltimore weekly ; and the Chesapeake 
fisheries employ many of the inhabitants. 
Chestertown is the birth-place of many of 



the " worthies" of Maryland, among whom 
are counted governors, senators, and con- 
gressmen ; and, at the present time, is the 
residence of Hon. James A. Pearce, U. S. 
Senator. 

Chesterville, p. v., Kent co. Situate in 
the upper part of the county, and distant 5 
m. from Georgetown Cross Roads. The 
neighborhood is strictly agricultural, and is 
in a highly flourishing condition. 

Chew's Island, Queen Anne co. A long 
island in the estuary of Wye r., dividing it 
into two channels, in nearly its whole 
length. 

Chewsville, p. v., Washington co. Situ- 
ate 7 m. from Hagerstown, and 105 from 
Annapolis. 

CniNCOTEAGUE Bay, Worcester co. This 
bay lies between Sinepuxeut island or 
beach, and the mainland : it is also called 
Sinepuxent Bay, but the latter name ap- 
plies more to the northern part of the bay, 
and that of Chincoteague more to the 
southern part. 

Choptank River, a large stream of the 
Eastern Shore, which rising in two main 
branches, . one from Delaware, and flow- 
ing in a course generally s., empties through 
a large estuary into Chesapeake Bay, be- 
tween Tighlman's Island on the n., and 
Sharp's Island on the s. It is navigable for 
sloops for nearly 40 miles from its conflu- 
ence with the bay. 

Church Creek Town, p. v., Dorchester co. 
Situate at the head of Church cr., about 5 
m-. from its confluence with Little Chop- 
tank r., 8 m. s. w. of Cambridge, and 69 
s. e. of Annapolis. 

Church Hill, p. v.. Queen Anne co. Situ- 
ate at the head of South East cr., 8 m. from 
its confluence with Chester r., 10 m. n. n. w. 
of Centreville, and 48 m. e. of Annapolis. 
Contains 3 churches : one Episcopal, one 
Presbyterian, and one Methodist ; an aca- 
demy ; about 50 dwellings, and 250 inhab- 
itants. The Episcopal church is an old 
English structure of brick, large and mas- 
sive, and capable of accommodating 1,000 
persons, and has a chancel and vestry-room 
adjoining. It was built in 1726. The aca- 
demy is the only public school in the vil- 
lage, but there are several others in the 
neighborhood. Most of the dwellings are 
frame built, but neat and comfortable. The 
farms of this vicinity have been much im- 
proved of late, by the use of shell-marl 
which abounds. 

Churchville, p. v., Harford co. Situate 
one mile e. of Bynham's River, 5 m. e. n. e. 
of Bel-Air, and 61 n. of Annapohs. 

Clarkesburg, p. v., Montgomery co. Sit- 
uate on the E. side of Little Seneca cr., 14 



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m. N. w. of Rockville, and 68 w. n. w. of 
Annapolis. 

Clarksvillk, p. v., Howard co. Situate 
10 m. from Ellicott's Mills, and 50 m. n. by 
w. of Annapolis. 

Clay Island, Dorchester co. An island 
in the middle of Fishing Bay, on which 
there is a light-house. 

Claysville, v., Montgomery co. Situate 
on the E. side of north-west fork of Eastern 
Branch of Potomac r., 12 m. n. of Wash- 
ington, D. C, 10 m. E. of Rockville. 

Clear Spring, p. o., Washington co. Situ- 
ate at the E. base of North Mountain, and 
on the turnpike 14 m. w. of Hagerstown, 
and 112 n. w. of Annapolis. The "Clear 
Spring Sentinel," a weekly whig newspa- 
per, is published at this place. 

Clermont Mills, p. o., Harford co, 

CocKNEYSviLLE, p. V., Baltimore co. Situ- 
ate 3 m. w. of Great G-unpowder Falls, and 
on the line of the Bait, and Susquehanna 
E. R., 14 m. N. of Baltimore city. The Bal- 
timore County Advocate, a weekly news- 
paper, is published here. 

CoLESviLLE, p. v., Montgomery co. Situ- 
ate on a creek of the Eastern Branch of 
Potomac r., 11 m. e. of Rockville, and 38 
m. w. of Annapolis. 

Colgate's Creek, Baltimore co. A stream 
flowing to Patapsco r., and forming the 
E. boundary of Baltimore city. 

College Green, p. v., Cecil co. 

College of St. James, p. o., Washington co. 

Collier's Creek, Alleghany co. A small 
tributary of Potomac r. from the s. e. slope 
of Evitt's Mountain. 

Concord, v., Cecil co. Situate on the 
neck of land, known as Bohemia Manor, be- 
tween Rock cr. and Bohemia r., 12 miles s. 
of Elkton. 

Conecocheague, p. o., Washington co. 
Situate on the creek of same name, 9 m. 
w. of Hagerstown, and 110 N. w. of Anna- 
polis. 

Conecocheague Creek, Washington co. 
A large stream from Pennsylvania, in which 
state it drains the whole of Franklin co., 
extending its branches over a large surface. 
It enters Maryland in a single stream, and 
falls into Potomac r. at WiUiamsport. 

Conewago, v., Harford co. Situate on w. 
side of Susquehanna r., on the Tide Water 
Canal, 16 m. N. w. of Bel- Air. 

CoNEWiNGO, v., Cecil CO. Situate on the 
E. side of Susquehanna r., opposite the mouth 
of Broad cr., 26 m. w. n. w. of Elkton. 

CoNOLOWAY Creek, Washington co. A 
stream from Pennsylvania flowing to the 
Potomac r., 4 m. e. of Hancock. 

CooKSviLLE, p. v., Howard co. Situate 
on the head waters of Cat-tail Branch of 



Big Patuxent r., 14 m. w. n. w. of EUicott's 
Mills, and 53 m. n. w. of Annapolis. 

Cool Springs, St. Mary's co. A creek of 
Patuxent r. 

CoopsTowN, v., Harford co. 10 m. n. w. 
of Bel- Air. 

CoRNWALLis Neck, Charles co. A large 
peninsula of the Potomac formed by Matta- 
woman cr. 

Cove Point, Calvert co. The s. e. point 
of the county projecting into Chesapeake 
Bay, on which is located a light-house. 

Cottage, p. o., Montgomery co. The resi- 
dence of the postmaster of Liesborough, 
which see. 

CoxTOWN, v., Carroll co. Situate at the 
source of Aspin river, a tributary of Cran- 
berry cr., or the north branch of Patapsco 
r., and near the e. line of the county, 9 m. 
N. E. of Westminster. 

Crabtree Creek, Alleghany co. A tribu- 
tary of Savage r., rising on the w. slope of 
Great Back Bone Mountain, and joining 
Savage r., where that stream breaks through 
the gorge in its course to Potomac r. The 
Bait, and Ohio R. R. traverses the valley of 
this stream. 

Cracklintown, v., Montgomery county. 
Situate on the highland, the source of num- 
erous creeks of Hawling Branch of Patux- 
ent r. and Seneca cr. of Potomac r., 14 m. 
N. of Rockville. The neighborhood is one 
excellently suitable for grazing. 

Crampton's Gap, a Pass of South Moun- 
tain, through which the WiUiamsport and 
Leesburg road passes. Distant 21 m. s. s. e. 
of Hagerstown. 

Cranberry Creek, Carroll co. Rises 
from the e. slope of Parr's Mountain, and 
on reaching the e. county line takes the 
name of North Branch of Patapsco r. As- 
pin's Branch is its principal tributary. 

Creagerstown, p. v., Frederick co. Situ- 
ate on n. side of Hunting cr., near its junc- 
tion with Monocacy r., 12 m. n. of Fred- 
erick city, and 85 n. w. of Annapolis. 

Cresap Town, v., Alleghany co. Situate 
on the state road where it is crossed by the 
Manchester Turnpike and AVarrior's River, 
6 m. s. w. of Cumberland, and 172 n. w. of 
Annapolis. 

Crownsville, p. v., Anne Arundel co. 

Cub Hill, p. o., Baltimore co. Distant 
9 m. from Baltimore city. 

Cumberland, co. seat and p. o., Alleghany 
CO. Situate on the n . bank of Potomac 
r. at the mouth of Wells' creek, 179 m. by 
R. R. w. of Baltimore, 166 m. w. n. w. of 
Annapolis, and 134 w. N. w. of Washington. 
It is the general centre of the great mining 
regions in the vicinity, and a centre from 
which diverge all the great routes of travel 



CUM 



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and transportation between the eastern and 
western states of the middle portion of the 
Union, The National Road leading to the 
Mississippi r. begins here, and the Chesa- 
peake and Ohio canal and the Bait, and 
Ohio R. R. pass through it. A large busi- 
ness is transacted at this point. It contains 
a court-house, the county prison, a market- 
house, two banks and other public build- 
ings, and has several handsome church edi- 
fices. The " Cumberland Civilian," whig^ the 
*' AUeghanian," democrcU, and the "Union- 
ist," neutral^ are issued weekly — circula- 
tion each from 400 to 500 copies. In 1850 
the population was 6,067 — white persons 
5,576, free colored persons 267, and slaves 
224 ; and in this relation it is the second 
most populous town in Maryland. In 1840 
the population was only 2,428, and hence 
the increase in 10 years amounted to 149.8 
per centum. Besides the great works of 
internal improvement mentioned above, 
there is diverging from Cumberland a R. R. 
to the Mount Savage Iron Works and 
Erostburg mines, and with this connect 
lines to Lonaconing, Western Port^, &c. 
The coal of this region is semi-bituminous, 
of excellent quality, and suitable for ocean 
steamships; it is brought to ihe markets of 
the East on the rail-road and canal to Bal- 
timore, and thence is tugged through the 
Chesapeake and Delaware canal, and the 
Delaware and Raritan canal to the harbor 
of New- York. The quantity of this miner- 
al delivered at Baltimore in 1850 was 
146,645 tons, and about 80,000 tons were 
deposited at Alexandria. The quantity de- 
livered in Baltimore in 1845 was only 16,000 
tons; in 1846, 18,393 tons; in 1847, 50,259 
tons; in 1848, 66,289 tons; in 1849, 71,699 
tons; in 1850, 146,645 tons, and in 1851, 
163,855 tons; and such has been the in- 
crease of facilities for mining and transport- 
ing, that a great acceleration of the ratio 
of production will naturally be reahzed to 
future years. Cumberland coal contains 77 
parts of carbon, 16 of volatile matter, and 7 
parts ashes. 

Cumberland Coal and Iron Company 
was organized by the legislature in 1852, 
and is an amalgamation of seven companies 
before existing in the vicinity of Frostburg 
under various names. It has about 12,000 
acres of mineral lands and a capital of 
§5,000,000. The coal of this region is used 
for steamships and in many mechanical fac- 
tories, and is the best quality of semi-bi- 
tuminous coal. (See Cumberland.) 

CuRTiss' Crekk, Anne Arundel co. A 
large inlet of Patapsco r., emptying from the 
s. nearly opposite Baltimore. 

Cypress Swa.mp, Worcester co. Partly 



in Maryland and partly in Delaware ; this 
swamp or morass is 12 m. in length and 6 or 7 
in breadth, including an area of nearly 
50,000 acres of land. The whole is a high 
and level basin, very wet, though undoubt- 
edly the highest land between the sea and 
Chesapeake Bay. It contains a great va- 
riety of trees, plants, wild animals, birds 
and reptiles. It is unfit for cultivation and 
highly insalubrious : it might, however, be 
reclaimed by a proper system of drainage. 

Damascus, p. v., Montgomery co. Situ- 
ate at the head of Seneca cr., 24 m. n. of 
Rockville, and 70 n. w. of Annapolis. The 
location and neighborhood are hilly, and ex- 
cellent grazing lands. 

Dan's Mount.un, Alleghany co. A ridge 
of the Alleghanies skirting the w. branch of 
Potomac r., from the mouth of George's or. 
northward, and extending into Virginia. 

Darlington, p. v., Harford co. Situate 
equi-distant about 2^ m. from Susquehanna 
r. and Deer cr., 16 m. n. w. of Bel-Air and 
71 N. N. E. of AnnapoUs. It contains an 
academy, a public Ubrary, 2 or 3 churches 
and a number of stores. The vicinity is a 
highly cultivated district. 

Darnestown, p. v., Montgomery co. Situ 
ate on the s. side of Seneca cr., 9 m. w. of 
Rockville, and 65 w. n. w. of Annapolis. 

Davidsonville, p. v., Anne Arundel co. 
Situate on the w. side of South r. at its 
head, 10 m. w. of Annapolis. 

Dawson's, p. o., Alleghany co. Situate 
on the n. w. side of Potomac r., 11 m. s. w. 
of Cumberland, and 183 m. w. n. w. of An- 
napolis. 

Dawsonville, p. v., Montgomery co. 
Situate on the w. side of Seneca cr., 12 m. 
w. of Rockville and 68 n. n. w. of Annapolis. 

Deep Creek, Anne Arundel co. A small 
cr. of Patapsco r. 

Deep Run, Anne Arundel co. A creek 
of Patapsco r., emptying itself immediately 
E. of Elk Ridge Landing. 

Deer Creek, Harford co. A large and 
fine stream traversing the northern part of 
the county from w. to e., and falhng into 
Susquehanna r. 8 m. above its confluence 
with Chesapeake Bay. 

Deil's Island, Somerset co. Lies in the 
estuary of Manokin r. 

Denbigh, v., Kent co. Situate on the 
E. side of Chesapeake Bay, about three miles 
N. of Swan Point and 14 w. of Chestertown. 

Denton, co. seat and p. o., Caroline co. 
Situate on the e. side of Choptank r., 54 m. 
from its confluence with Chesapeake Bay, 
65 m. E. of Annapolis, and 105 e. of Wash- 
ington, D. C. It contains a court-house, 
the county prison, 3 churches, a bank, sev- 



DER [ 68 ] DOR 



eral stores, &c., and is a very pleasant little 
town, laid out very regularly. 

Derickson's Cross Eoads, p. o., Worces- 
ter CO. Situate on the s. side of Aydelotte's 
Branch of Pocomoke r., 16 m. n. of Snow 
Hill, and 107 e. of Annapolis. 

Detmold's Rail-road, Alleghany co. Is 
a wooden track 3 feet wide, extending from 



Lonaconing 9 m. to a junction with Eckart 
R. R. near the Eckart mines. 

Dividing Creek. A tributary of Poco- 
moke r., forming the line of division be- 
tween Somerset and Worcester counties. 

Double Pipe Creek, p. o., Carroll co. 
Situate at the crossing 14 m. n. w. of West- 
minster, and 82 m. n. w. of Annapolis. 



DORCHESTER COUNTY occupies a peninsula lying between the rivers Choptank and 
Nanticoke, and extending from Chesapeake Bay to the Delaware state line. Its area 
is 386,560 acres. Drained by a number of fine streams and almost surrounded by navi- 
gable waters, this county possesses many commercial facilities, but its position in relation 
to the producing districts negatives their utility. A considerable trade, however, is carried 
on by small craft at Vienna and other points. The surface of the county partakes of the 
general character of the Eastern Shore, being level, and in some parts low and swampy. 
Some of the soil is of stiff clay, and a portion light and sandy, but the crops of wheat and 
corn are abundant and of good quality. Grazing is also excellent, and the farmers have 
a sufficient supply of hve stock. Abundance of shell-manure is obtained from the waters, 
and is very eifective in improving the poor lands. Oak, hickory, pine and walnut are the 
natural timbers, and fruit trees are plentiful in all parts. No valuable minerals are found 
here, and with the exception of some bog iron ore and earths useful in the arts, nothing 
of the kind has been discovered. 

This portion of Maryland was peopled by emigrants from England and settlers from 
the opposite shore of Maryland and Virginia. The county was organized by the colonial 
legislature in 1669. In 1790 it contained 15,895 inhabitants ; in 1820 it had 17,759 ; in 
1830, 18,685; in 1840, 18,843, and in 1850, 18,877, of which 10,747 were white persons, 
3,848 free colored persons, and 4,282 slaves; and of the population, exclusive of slaves,, 
14,333 were natives of Maryland, 240 of other states of the Union, and 22 of foreign 
countries. DweUings 2,705, and famiUes 2,709. Births in 1849-50, 537 ; marriages, 47 ; 
and deaths, 187. Deaf and dumb, 7 ; bhnd, 18 ; insane, 5 ; and idiotic, 5. Slaves manu- 
mitted, 30. 

On the 1st June, 1850, the county contained 1,049 farms, covering 112,521 acres im- 
proved and 113,650 unimproved lands, valued together at $2,708,681 ; and the value of farm- 
ing implements and machinery was $58,758. The live stock consisted of 2,352 horses, 
100 mules and asses, 2,758 milch cows, 3,015 working oxen, 7,173 other cattle, 7,498 
sheep, and 16,442 swine, in all valued at $288,419 ; the products of animals were — wool 
20,113 pounds, and butter 84,816 pounds, and the value of animals slaughtered was 
$84,878. The products of the soil included 137,470 bushels wheat, 2,300 rye, 597,252 
Indian corn, 8,496 oats, 46 buckwheat, 766 peas and beans, 22,176 Irish potatoes, and 
16,085 bushels sweet potatoes ; also hay 40 tons, clover-seed 1 bushel, and other grass- 
seed 37 bushels, hops 10 pounds, flax 2,110 pounds, flax-seed 88 bushels, tobacco 125 
pounds, &c. The products of the orchard were valued at $6,341, and of market-gardens 
$513. The value of home-made manufactures was $3,287. 

The total number of industrial establishments in the county was 12, with a capital of 
$7,250; value of raw materials, &c. consumed, $10,600; hands employed 46, at average 
wages monthly $833, and value of products for the year $24,500. There were 2 smith- 
eries employing 3 hands, 7 boot and shoe factories with 29 hands, 2 carriage factories with 
13 hands, and 1 cap and hat maker. 

The average wages paid in this county are — farm hands with board $8 a month ; day- 
laborers with board 50 cents, and without, 75 cents; carpenters $1 75 a day, and female 
domestics with board 75 cents a week. The price of board for laboring men is $1 50 a 
week. 

The total valuation of real and personal estate in 1850 amounted to $4,635,105, and the 
taxes thereon to $39,651 ; state tax, $11,587; county tax, $19,131 : school tax, $6,843; 
poor tax, $2,000. The number of paupers charged on the county in 1849-50, was 78, at 
an expense of $2,242, and the same numbers were on the books on the 1st June of the 
latter year. Three convictions for crime were had in the above year ; and on the 1st 
June, 1850, four convicts were undergoing sentence. 

On the 1st June, 1850, Dorchester had 35 primary and public schools, and 8 academies 
and other schools : the first had 35 teachers and 798 scholars, and the latter 9 teachers 
and 140 pupils. The whole number of children that attended the schools in 1849-50, 



DO V 



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was 1,Q31, viz: males, 871; and females, 760. The public schools were conducted at an 
aggregate expense amounting to $10,5G6, of which $6,619 was raised by tax, $3,722 from 
public funds, and $225 from other sources; and the academies, etc. cost, in conducting 
them, $2,020, of which $770 was realized from endowment, and $1,250 from other 
sources. The census reports no statistics of the libraries owned in the county. "Adults 
who cannot read and write" number 2,991 : namely, 1,665 white persons, and 1,326 free 
colored persons. There are two newspapers pubhshed in the county. 

The county contains 26 churches, capable of accommodating 13,075 persons, and valued at 
$32,750. Of these, 1 Baptist church had accommodation for 800; 2 Episcopal for 1,300; 
1 Friends for 60; 21 Methodist for 10,715, and 1 Roman Catholic for 200. 

Cambridge is the county seat of justice, and the following are the principal villages and 
post-offices :— Big Mills, Bridgeville, Church Creek, East New Market, Grolden Hill,°Hicks- 
burgh, Lakesville, Taylor's Island, Tobacco Stick, Vienna, &c. 



Dover, p. v., Baltimore co. 

Dover Bridge, Talbot co, A bridge 
crossing Choptank r., 8 m. e. of Easton. 

Drum Point, Calvert co. A prominent 
headland forming the N. side of the entrance 
to Patuxent r. 

Dublin, p. v., Harford co. Situate in the 
N. part of the co., about 5 m. back from 
Susquehanna r., and 2 s. of Broad cr. It 
contains a church and 25 or 30 buildings. 

Dublin, p. v., Washington co. Situate on 
the N. side of Potomac r., and on the turn- 
pike, 22 m. w. of Hagerstown. 

DuFFiELD, p. o., Charles co. 

Dunkirk, p. v., Calvert co. Situate in 
the N. part of the county, 24 ra. n. of Prince 
Frederick Town, and 26 s. of Annapolis. 

Eastern Bat. A large estuary of Chesa- 
peake Bay, between Kent Island and the 
coast of Talbot co. It receives the waters 
of St. Michael's river and of Wye river, 
and connects with the estuary of Chester 
river through a narrow strait formed by 
the approximation of the island and main- 
land. 

Eastern Neck Island, Kent co. A large 
island at the mouth of Chester r., which 
bears evidence of having formerly been a 
portion of the adjoining mainland, from 
which a narrow channel now divides it. 

East New Market, p. v., Dorchester co. 
Situate about 3 m. e. of Choptank r., 16 m. 
E. of Cambridge, and 73 s. e. of Annapolis. 

Easton, co. seat and p. o., Talbot co. 
Situate at the head of Treadhaven cr., 12 m. 
N. of its confluence with Choptank r., 42 m. 
E. s. E. of Annapolis, and 82 e. s. e. of Wash- 
ington. Lat. 380 46' 10" n., and long. 76° 
08' w. of Greenwich, or O** 53' e. of Wash- 
ington. It is the largest and most populous 
town on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, 
and a place of considerable trade. In 1850 
its population was 1,413, of which 781 were 
white persons, 343 free colored persons, 
and 289 slaves. Its public buildings are a 
court-house, the county jail, a market-house, 
and 4 or 5 church edifices. It also contains 



an academy and several good schools ; and 
there are published here the " Gazette" and 
the " Star," weekly newspapers, the circula- 
tion of which is about 400 copies each. 

Ebenezer Meeting House, Cecil co. Situ- 
ate on the w. side of Western Branch of 
North East r., 16 m. w. N. w. of Elkton, and 

2 m. s. of Farmington. 

Eckart's Mines, Alleghany co. Situate 

3 m. s. E. of Frostburg and s. of the National 
Road, 8 m. w. of Cumberland. The Eck- 
art R. R. runs hence to Cumberland. 

Eckart Rail-road, Alleghany co. Ex- 
tends from Eckart mines to Mt. Savage 
R. R., near the mouth of Braddock's cr. It 
is 7 m. long, and has branches to the N. Y. 
Company mines and to Washington mines. 

Eldersburg, p. v., Howard co. Situate 
on w. side of Cat-tail Branch of Patuxent 
r., 3 m. s. w. of Cooksville, 17 m. w. of Elli- 
cott's Mills, and 68 n. w. of Annapolis. 

Eldersburg, v., Carroll co. Situate cen- 
trally on the high land w. of the North 
Branch of Patapsco r., and between Mor- 
gan and Piney Brooks. It is the centre of 
a fine farming region. Distant 10 m. s. 
from Westminster. 

Elk Mountain, Washington co. A ridge 
in the southern part of the county. 

Elk Ridge Landing, p. v., Howard co. 
Situate on the s. side of Patapsco r., 7 m. 
above Baltimore, and at the head of tide- 
water. The Washington Branch R. R. and 
the Bait, and Ohio R. R. intersect at the 
opposite side of the river, which is here 
crossed by a viaduct 704 feet long, and 58 
above the river, on eight arches, constructed 
of granite from the neighborhood. Con- 
siderable manufactures are carried on in the 
neighborhood, and the population in 1850 
was 1,128, of which 246 were free colored 
persons. 

Elk River, Cecil co. A large stream of 
Chesapeake Bay from the n. e. In con- 
nection with Back cr. it constitutes a link 
in the canal line to Delaware r. 

Elkton, co. seat and p. o., Cecil co. Situ- 
ate at the forks of Elk r., 13 m. above its 



ELL 



[70 ] 



FOR 



confluence with Chesapeake Bay at Turkey 
Point. The Philadelpliia, Wihnington and 
Baltimore R. R. passes the town a httle to 
the north. The place is well built, and the 
public buildings are a court-house and the 
county prison. 

Ellengowan, p. o., Baltimore co. 

Ellicott's Mills, p. v., Howard co. Situ- 
ate on Patapsco r., 12 m. w. of Baltimore, 
and 40 n. w. of Annapolis. The Baltimore 
and Ohio R. R. passes through the place. 
The whole vicinity is one scene of produc- 
tive industry, and here is the greatest centre 
of flouring mills in the Union. In 1850 the 
population amounted to 1,059, of which 
number 19G were free colored persons. 
The "Howard Gazette," a weekly news- 
paper, is published here. Much grand 
scenery is found within a circuit of 10 miles. 

Elysville, p. v., Howard co. Situate on 
Patapsco r. and on the line of the Bait, and 
Ohio R. R., 20 m. w. of Baltimore city ; it 
contains 1 cotton factory, 1 oakum factory, 
1 store, 1 church, 1 school, and 106 in- 
habitants. The houses are in general built 
of stone or brick. The vicinity is thickly 
settled, and in a highly flourishing condi- 
tion, both in respect of its industrial and 
agricultural interests. The lands are gen- 
erally fertile, and afford considerable quan- 
tities of produce for market. 

Emmettsburg, p. v., Frederick co. Situ- 
ate on the w. side of Flat Run, a tributary 
of Tom's cr., and extending back almost to 
that stream. Distant 22 m. n. of Frederick 
city, and 80 N. w. of Annapolis. A literary 
journal, the " Emmettsburg Star," is pub- 
lished here : and there are a number of re- 
ligious and hterary institutions belonging to 
the Roman Catholics in the vicinity. In 1850 
the population of the town was 756 white 
persons and 56 free colored persons — total 
812. 

Evitt's Creek, Alleghany co. Rises in 
Pennsylvania, and flows south between 
Wells' and Evitt's Mountains into the Po- 
tomac, which river it joins about 4 m. e. of 
Cumberland. 

Fair Haven, v., Calvert co. Situate on 
the s. w. side of Herring Bay, 20 m. N. of 
Prince Frederick Town. 

Fair Hill, p. v., Cecil co. Situate on w. 
side of Big Elk Run, 10 m. n. of Elkton, and 
90 N. E. of Annapolis. 

Fair Play, v., Washington co. Situate 
on the w. side of Antietam cr., 10 m. s. of 
Hagerstown. 

Fair View, p. v., Washington co. 

Fallstox, p. v., Harford co. Distant 
8 m. from Bel-Air, and 88 m. of Annapolis. 

Farmington, v., Cecil co. Situate 1 m. 



w. of the west branch of North-East, r., 14 
m. w. N. w. of Elkton, and 82 n. e. of An- 
napolis. 

Federalsburg, p. v., Caroline co. Situ- 
ate on the E. side of Marshy Hope cr., near 
the county line, 24 m. N. e. of Cambridge, 
and 65 e. s. e, of Annapolis. 

Fenwick's Island, partly in Delaware 
and partly in Maryland, is a long narrow 
beach island lying between the Atlantic 
Ocean and Sinepuxent Bay. In its more 
southern portion it is called "Assateague 
Island." 

Fifteen Mile Creek, Alleghany co. Rises 
in Pennsylvania, and after breaking through 
the gorges of Town Hill, reaches the 
Potomac 4 m. w. of Washington co. Hne. 
Rock Lick, a stream draining the valley be- 
tween Green Mountain and Town Hill, is 
its principal affluent. 

FiNKSBURG, p. v., Carroll co. Situate on 
the w. side of Cranberry Run or North 
Branch of Patapsco River, 6 m. s. e. of 
Westminster, and 51 n. w. of Annapolis. 

Fishing Bay, Dorchester co. A large 
bay at the s. end of the county, into which 
Nanticoke r. and other streams empty 
themselves. It is entered between Bishop's 
Head and Nanticoke Point, and about its 
centre is Clay Island, on which is a light- 
house, about 5 m. long from. e. to w., and 
4 m. deep from n. to s. It covers about 20 
square miles. 

Fishing Creek, Frederick co. A tribu- 
tary of Monocacy r., from Catoctin Moun- 
tain. Several flourishing villages are loca- 
ted on its banks. 

Flintstone Creek, Alleghany co. A 
large stream, from Pennsylvania, flowing s. 
to Town cr. and Potomac r. 

Flintstone, v., Alleghany co. Situate 
on tJie Hancock turnpike, where it crosses 
Flintstone cr., 10 m. e. of Cumberland, and 
156 N. w. of Annapolis. 

Fork Meeting-House, p. o., Baltimore co. 
Situate on the s. side of Great Falls of Gun- 
powder r., 18 m. n. e. of Baltimore, and 46 
N. N. E. of Annapolis. 

Fork Town, p. v., Somerset co. Situate 
on the E. line of the county, 10 m. e. n. e. 
of Princess Anne, and 99 s. s. e. of An- 
napolis. 

Fort Frederick, Washington co. Situ- 
ate on the N. side of Potomac r., and on 
the lines of the Chesapeake and Ohio canal 
and the Bait, and Ohio R. R., 14 m. w. of 
Hagerstown. 

Fort Hill, Alleghany co. A high ridge 
on the N. w. bank of Potomac r., 15 m. s. 
w. of Cumberland. 

Fort Washington, p. o., Prince George 
CO. Situate on the extreme w. point of tha 



FOX 



[71 



peninsula formed between Swan cr. and 
Piscataway r., of the Potomac r., 21 m. s. 
w. of Upi)er Marlboro', 40 s. w. of Annapo- 
lis, and 15 s. of Washington, D. C. 

Fox's Gap, Washington co. A pass of 
South Mountain, 14 m. s. e. of Hagers- 
town. 

Franklin, p. v., Baltimore co. Situate 
on the N. side of Dead Run of Gwinn's 
Falls, and on the post-road 4 m. av. of Bal- 
timore city, 32 m. n. of Annapolis. 

Franklinville, v., Alleghany co. Situ- 
ate on the Bait. & Ohio R. R., 2,000 feet 
above tide-water of Potomac r., 36 m. s. 
w. of Cumberland, and 202 w. N, w, of 
Annapolis. 

Franklinville, p. v., Carroll co. 

Franklinville, v., Frederick co. Situ- 
ate at the w. base of Parr's Eidge, 16 m. e. 
of Frederick city. 

Frederick, v., Cecil co. Situate on the 
N. side of Sassafras r., 12 m. from its con- 
fluence with Chesapeake Bay, and 17 m. s. 
in a direct line from Elkton. 

Frederick, city, co. seat and p. o. Situ- 
ate on Carroll's cr., a branch of Monocacy 
r., 3 m. w. from the latter : 75 m. n. w. of 
Annapolis, and 43 n. n. w. of Washington. 
The valley of Monocacy r. is equally re- 
markable for its beauty of position, its rich 
agricultural resources, and its mineral 



FRE 

wealth. Frederick is the depot of this 
rich district, and is, in point of wealth and 
elegance, the second city of Maryland. It 
is regularly laid out, with wide streets, 
crossing each other at right angles, and 
contains a court-house, wliich is a substan- 
tial and neat building ; the county-jail, and 
the other usual public offices; a number of 
church edifices, some of them spacious, and 
of fine architecture ; two banks ; several 
literary and scientific institutions, and about 
1,000 dwellings, mostly of brick or stone. 
St. John's College, and several of the 
Cathohc institutions are located in Fred- 
erick. In 1850 the population amounted to 
6,028 — white persons, 4,786 ; free colored 
persons, 822, and slaves, 420 ; and in this 
respect it is the third place of importance 
in the state. Baltimore and Cumberland 
only having larger numbers of inhabitants. 
Five newspapers — 3 whig, 1 democratic, 
and 1 literary, are published here every 
week, and have respectable circulations. 
Numerous manufactures are carried on, and 
a large wholesale and retail business. A 
branch from the Bait, and Ohio R. R., three 
miles in length, connects the city with that 
great route of travel and transportation. 
Lat. 39'' 24' n., and long. 77° 18' w. of 
Greenwich, or O'^ 16' 30" w. of Washing- 
ton. 



FREDERICK COUNTY, one of the most wealthy and populous in the state, lies be- 
tween Montgomery county and the north state line, and between Carroll county on the 
E., and Washington county on the w. It contains an area of 358,400 acres. Drained by 
the Monocacy river and Catoctin creek, affluents of Potomac river, and having a soil 
varied in quality, in some parts formed of decomposed slate, in others of red shales, and 
in others of limestone, its agricultural capacities are excellent, and as a grain or grazing 
region it has few superior or more practicable competitors. The soil, generally, is easily 
worked, and is very productive of wheat and corn. The surface in the main is only un- 
dulating, but in its western portion South Mountain and its offshoots render it some- 
what hilly and broken. The water is generally good, but in some parts impregnated 
with lime. A heavy growth of oak, hickory, walnut, chestnut, locust, ash and poplar, 
is found in the forests. The geology of the county belongs to the primary era. Lime- 
stone, sandstone, quartz rock, shales, blue slate and dolomite, constitute the prevailing 
rocks. The limestone is of a very superior character, and there is a good marble 
quarry in the county. The stone is of a snowy whiteness, of a fine texture, and suscep- 
tible of a polish nearly as beautiful as that of the best Italian marble. Copper, iron and 
manganese ores and barytes abound. The copper mines have been worked with great 
advantage, and from Liberty mines large quantities have been obtained. Many of the 
mines, however, have been abandoned, owing, it is said, to an insufficient encouragement. 
The county is free from miasms, and considered unusually healthy, 

Frederick county was originally settled by Germans and English, about 1720, and was 
organized in 1748. At first it comprised the larger portion of the state. It was named 
after Frederick, the son of Charles Calvert, Lord Baltimore. In 1790 it contained 
30,791 inhabitants; and in 1820 the population had increased to 40,459; in 1840 
it was only 36,405, and in 1850 it had again increased to 40,987. The diminution 
observed in 1840 was caused by the separation from it of a part of Carroll county. Of 
the population in 1850, 33,314 were white persons, 3,760 free colored persons, and 3,913 
slaves; and, exclusive of the latter, 33,575 were natives of Maryland, 2,142 of other 
states of the Union, 1,357 of foreign countries. Dwellings, 6,397 ; and families, 6,614. 



FRE 



[72] 



FRE 



Births in 1849-50, 1,150; marriages, 321; deaths, 576. Deaf and dumb, 25; blind, 19; 
insane, 70 ; and idiotic, 26. Slaves — manumitted in the year, 18, and fugitive, 35. 

There were in the county in 1850, 1,983 farms, covering 252,129 acres improved, and 
94,379 acres unimproved lands, together valued at $10,605,814 ; and the value of farming 
utensils and machinery, $299,921. The hve stock consisted of 8,949 horses, 59 asses and 
mules, 9,519 milch com^s, 1,050 working oxen, 7,919 other cattle, 12,483 sheep, and 
38,606 swine, valued in the aggregate at $813,885. The products of the soil consisted of — 
wheat, 731,684 bushels; rye, 49,878; Indian corn, 782,603; oats, 180,922; barley, 40; 
buckwheat, 1,169; peas and beans, 573; Irish potatoes, 53,004, and sweet potatoes, 
929 bushels. The value of orchard products was $17,062, and of market-gardens, $4,202. 
Wine was made to the amount of 198 gallons. Among the miscellaneous products 
were — tobacco, 175,394 pounds ; hay, 23,838 tons ; clover-seed, 2,931 bushels, and other 
grass-seed, 545 bushels ; hops, 609 pounds ; flax, 2,673 pounds ; and flax-seed, 125 bushels ; 
silk cocoons, 2 pounds ; beeswax and honey, 4,315 pounds. The wool crop amounted to 
32,232 pounds ; the dairy produced 723,064 pounds butter, and 500 pounds cheese ; 
and the value of animals slaughtered was $239,594. Home-made manufactures were 
produced to the value of $2,384. 

The whole number of industrial establishments in the county on the 1st June, 1850, 
was 253, with an aggregate capital amounting to $815,581, and using annually raw mate- 
rial, fuel, (fee, to the value of $1,136,533 ; number of hands employed 880, at an average 
monthly cost of $15,236 ; and value of annual products $1,600,967. The principal 
branches of industry were flouring, tanning, iron making, &c., as exhibited in the an- 
nexed : 



Factories. 
Flouring Mills.. 

Tanneries 

Iron furnace... .. 
" foundery.. 



No. 

.72. 
.43. 
. 1. 



Capital. Hands. Products. 

.$353,550. .135. .$798, 586 
. 243,100. .179.. 429,508 
. 80,000.. 90.. 100,000 



1,800.. 4. 



5,010 



Factories. No. Capital. Hands. Products. 

Agricul. impl 2 $17,000... 24 $26,204 

Blacksmitheries ..31 13,740. ..63 29,949 

Boot and shoe fac. 16 7,285. ..63 30,171 

Woolen mills 9 25,600... 45 26,950 



Besides which, the census enumerates 4 bakeries, 5 brick fields, 1 broom shop, 6 cabinet 
factories, 2 carpenters' sliops, 1 chandlery, 3 cigar factories, 3 clothiers' shops, 2 carriage 
factories, 12 coopers' shops, 2 potteries, 1 distillery, 2 glove factories, 1 gun smithery, 1 
hat and cap factory, 1 lime kiln, 1 paper mill, 13 saw mills, 8 saddleries, 4 tin shops, 1 
weaver, and 4 wheelwright shops. 

A farm-hand with board averages $8 a month ; a day laborer averages 75 cents, or 50 
if boarded ; a carpenter has $1 25 ; and the weekly wages to a female domestic with 
board is 75 cents. Price of board to a laboring man, $2 a week. 

The assessed value of real and personal estate Avas in 1850, June 1, $18,773,926, (true 
valuation $20,455,298;) and the amount of taxes thereon, $98,892; state tax, $45,192; 
tounty tax, $37,494 ; school tax, $8,000 ; road tax, $8,296. The county supported 238 
paupers during the year, at an expense of $5,898, and at the above date 218 were on the 
Ust. Criminals convicted during the year, 8. 

The whole number of persons attending school in the year 1849-50, was 6,583 ; and 
on the 1st June, 1850, there were in 93 primary and public schools, 94 teachers and 
5,182 children; in 17 academies and other schools, 68 teachers and 740 pupils; and in 
three colleges, 36 teachers and 340 students. Total cost, $106,801 ; of which $0,627 was 
from public funds, and $7,185 from special taxation; the balance from endowment funds 
and charges to scholars. The portion used by colleges was $34,100 ; by pubUc schools, 
$15,990; and by academies, $56,711. 

The county contained in 1850, 79 churches of all denominations, capable in the aggre- 
gate of accommodating 36,600 persons; and the value of property held by the churches 
amounted to $313,450. The Baptists had 3 churches, the Episcopalians 4, the Friends 1, 
the German Reformed 11, the Lutherans 7, the Methodists 33, the Presbyterians 3, the 
Roman Catholics 7, the Moravians 5, the Tunkers 2, the EvangeUcal Reformed 2, and the 
Winebrennarians 1. 

The principal thoroughfare of this county is the Bait, and Ohio R. R., which traverses 
it in a direction east and west, and passing three miles below Frederick city, sends off to 
that place a branch R. R. The Chesapeake and Ohio canal also passes on the southern 
hne, along the Potomac river. The turnpikes and county roads are numerous and well 
kept. 

Frederick City is the county seat of justice, and the following are the principal villages 
and post-offices : Adamstown, Barry, Buckey's Town, Burkettsville, Creagertown, Em- 



PRE 



[73 ] 



GRE 



mettsburgh, Graceham, Greenfield Mills, Ijamsville, JefiFerson, Johnsville, Ladiesburgh. 
Liberty Town, Mechanicstown, Middletown, Monrovia, Mount Pleasant, Llyersville, New 
London, New Market, Petersville, Point of Rocks, Sabillisville, Unionville, Urbana, 
Utica Mills, Walkersville, Weverton, Wolfsville, Woodsborough. 



Freedom, p. v., Carroll co. Situate about 
5 m. w. of the north branch of Patapsco r., 
10 m. s. of Westminster, and 50 n. w. of 
Annapolis. Its vicinity presents a fine 
farming region. 

Freeland, p. v., Baltimore co. 

Frenohtown, v., Cecil co. Situate on 
the E. side of Elk r., 14 m. above its con- 
fluence with Chesapeake Bay; 2 m. s. of 
Elkton, and about 80 m. n. w. of Anna- 
polis. The New-Castle and Frenchtown 
E. R. has its w. terminus here. 

Friendship, p. v., Calvert co. Situate 
about 3 m. w. of Herring Bay of the 
Chesapeake, 18 m. n. of Prince Frederick 
Town, and 21 m. s. s. w. of Annapolis. 

Friendsville, v., AUeghany co. Situate 
on the e. bank of Youghiogeny r., 7 m. s. 
of the Pennsylvania state line, and 38 w. 
of Cumberland. 

Frizzelsburg, v., Carroll co. Situate on 
the branches of Big Pipe cr., and on the 
Taney-Town turnpike, 7 m. N. w. of West- 
minster. 

Frostburg, p. v., AUeghany co. Situate 
on the National Road, where it is crossed 
by the Western Port turnpike, 10 m. w. of 
Cumberland, and 176 n. w. of Annapolis. 
This is one of the most elevated villages in 
the United States, being, according to Mr. 
Schriver, 1,792 feet above the tide water of 
Chesapeake Bay. It is the centre of a vast 
mining country. 

Frostburg Company's Mines, Alleghany 
CO. Situate about one mile n. of Frost- 
burg, and 10 w. of Cumberland. 

FuNKSTOwN, or Jerusalem, p. v., Wash- 
ington CO. Situate on the e. bank of An- 
tietam cr., 2 m. s. of Hagerstown, and 99 
m. N. w. of Annapolis. The Frederick 
turnpike passes through the village. Popu- 
lation, 793 — white persons, 581 ; free color- 
ed persons, 32 ; and slaves, 179. 

Gap Mills, p. o., Baltimore co. 

George's Creek, Alleghany co. A large 
stream, flowing s. to Potomac r., which it 
joins at Western Port, and opposite Red- 
mont station of the Bait, and Ohio R. R. 
It drains the valley between Gt. Savage 
Mountain and Dan's Mountain, from both 
of which it receives numerous streamlets. 

Georgetown Cross Roads, p. v., Kent 
CO. Situate 2 m. s. of Georgetown, on 
Sassafras r., 16 in. N. e. of Chestertown, 
and 58 n. e. of Annapolis. It is a flourish- 
ing village, and has an excellent academy. 



Gltmont, p. v., Charles co. 

Golden, p. v., Baltimore co. Situate on 
the Line of the Bait, and Susquehanna R. R., 
11 m. N. of Baltimore city, and 40 N. of 
Annapolis. 

Golden Hill, p. o., Dorchester co. 

GooDLUCK, p. 0., Prince George co. Situ- 
ate on e. side of Western Branch of Patux- 
ent r., 13 m. n. of Upper Marlboro', and 43 
m. s. w. of Annapolis. 

Govanstown, p. v., Baltimore co. Situ- 
ate on the turnpike 2 m. e. of Jones' Falls, 
6. m. N. of Baltimore, and 34 N. of Anna- 
polis. 

Governor's Bridge, p. o., Anne Arundel 

CO. 

Graceham, p. v., Frederick co. Situate 
on the w. side of Monocacy r., 17 n. of 
Frederick city, and 92 n. n. w. of Annapolis. 

Grantsville, p. v., Alleghany co. Situ- 
ate at the E. base of Negro Mountain on 
the National Road, 27 m. w. of Cumber- 
land, and 193 n. w. of Annapolis. 

Great Back Bone, Alleghany co. One 
of the principal ridges of the Alleghany 
Mountains. The Potomac r. follows the 
course of its e. base, from Savage r. south- 
ward. Elevation above tide-water 2,981 ft. 

Great Gunpowder Falls, Baltimore co. 
A large stream that drains the north and 
middle sections of the county and falls into 
Gunpowder r. Its tributary streams are 
numerous and wide-spreading. 

Great Mills, p. o., St. Mary's co. Situ- 
ate on a creek of St. Mary's r., falling into 
its N. w. arm, 10 m. e. s. e. of Leonard- 
town, and 81 s. s. w. of Annapolis. 

Great Savage Mountain, Alleghany co. 
Extends n. e. from Savage r. far into Penn- 
sylvania, and may be considered as a pro- 
longation of the ridge known as Great Back- 
bone. Elevation, 3,483 feet above tide- 
water. Savage r. on the w., and George's 
cr. on the e., receive its streams. 

Green Ridge, Alleghany co. One of the 
small ridges of the Eastern Alleghanies. 

Green Springs, p. o., Baltimore co. Situ- 
ate on the Une of the Westminster Branch 
R. R., 14 m. N. of Baltimore, and 46 N. n. w. 
of Annapolis. 

Greenfield Mills, p. o., Frederick co. 
Situate on Monocacy r., 6 m. above its con- 
fluence with Potomac r., 11 m. s. of Fred- 
erick city. The inhabitants are chiefly 
farmers, but some mechanic businesses are 
here carried on. There are about 9 or 10 
dwellings, and from 50 to 60 inhabitants in 



GRE 



[74 J 



HAR 



the village, and the surrounding country is 
all under cultivation. Within the distance 
of 2 miles there are 2 churches and 3 schools. 

Greensboro', p. v., Caroline co. Situate 
on the w. side of Choptank cr., 10 m. N. of 
Denton, and 65 e. of Annapolis. 

Grey Rock, p. o., Harford co. 

Gunpowder Neck, Harford co. A long 
peninsula lying between Bush r. and Gun- 
powder r., and extending far into Chesa- 
peake Bay, terminating at Rickett's Point. 

Gunpowder River, Harford co. A large 
estuary of Chesapeake Bay, running up be- 
tween Harford and Baltimore counties, and 
receiving from both several considerable 
streams, the largest of which is Great Gun- 
powder Falls from Baltimore co. This es- 
tuary covers an area of about 22 square miles. 

Gwinn's Falls, Baltimore co. A tribu- 
tary of Patapsco r. immediately w. of Bal- 
timore city. 

Hagerstown, CO. seat and p. o., "Wash- 
ington CO. Situate on the w. bank of An- 
tietam cr., 22 m. above its confluence with 
Potomac r., 101 N. w. of Annapolis, and 96 
K n. w. of Washington, D. C. Lat. 39° 37' 
N., and long. 77* 35' w. of Greenwich, or 0° 
33' 30" w. of Washington. The village is 
located in the midst of a fine and flourish- 
ing agricultural district, of which it is the 
commercial centre. It is a well-built town, 
with regular and wide streets, and contains 
a number of substantial public edifices ; a 
court-house, the county jail, a town-hall, 
&c. Seven newspapers are issued weekly, 
viz: the "Hagerstown News," the "Peo- 
ples' Own," and the " Casket," neutral and 
literary; the "Herald of Freedom" and 

HARFORD COUNTY fronts on Susquehanna river and Chesapeake Bay, and ex- 
tends back to Baltimore county and the north line of the state. Area, 282,880 acres. The 
southern portions of Harford are low and flat, and have extensive arms of the Chesapeake 
penetrating far inland. These receive the drainage of about one half the surface — that of 
the northern portions of the county being carried off by Deer Creek and other creeks to 
the Susquehanna river. In the latter upper region the surface is elevated, rocky, and in 
some parts even hilly ; and here all the varieties of the primary rocks, such as granite, 
gneiss, micaceous and talcose slates and Umestone occur, and iron ore of a rich quality is 
abundant. The quality of the soil depends on the character of the subjacent rocks, but 
are in all cases excellent grass lands. In the lower parts of the county the soils vary 
greatly in their composition : sand, gravelly loam and clay, the latter predominating, being 
their bases. Lime is the most commonly used fertilizer. The natural timbers are white 
and black oak, chestnut, hickory and poplar. Few parts of the state are more varied in their 
agricultural productions or in their capacities for grazing and feeding, and no district has 
greater commercial facilities either seaward or inland, while many of the streams afford 
fine sites for milling and manufactures. The roads are excellent, and penetrate to every 
portion of the county ; and hence in the development of its resources the progi-ess has 
been rapid and substantial. Several considerable islands of the Chesapeake, as Spesutie 
Island and Pool's Island, belong to Harford county. 

This county was organized in 1773, having previously constituted a portion of Baltimore 
and Frederick counties. It was named after Henry Harford, son of the last Lord Balti- 
more, and last proprietary of the colony. In 1790 it contained 14,976 inhabitants, and in 



the " Torch-Light," ly^z'gr ; and the "Hager- 
stown Mail" and the " Republican," demo- 
cratic. The circulation averages for each 
about 700 copies, but the Casket circulates 
1,400. There are two banks in the village. 
In 1850 the population amounted to 3,884 
— 3,206 white persons, 435 free colored 
persons, and 183 slaves. The Franklin R. 
R. connejcts the town with the rail-roada 
of Pennsylvania. 

Hall's Cross Roads, p. o., Harford co. 
Situate on the w. side of Swan cr., 12 m. e. 
of Bel- Air, and 59 n. of Annapolis. The 
line of the Phila., Wilmington and Bait. 
R. R. passes by this point. 

Hamburg, v., Frederick co. Situate on 
the s. side of Fishing cr., at the base of 
Catoctin Mountain, 10 m. n. of Frederick 
city, and 85 m. n. w. of Annapolis. 

Hampstead, p. v., Carroll co. Situate on 
the upper waters of the North Branch of 
Patapsco r., 6 m. N. e. of Westminster, and 
56 m. N. N. w. of Annapolis. 

Haaipton, v., Baltimore co. Situate on a 
creek of Great Gunpowder Falls, 12 m. N. 
of Baltimore city. 

Hancock, p. v., Washington co. Situate 
on the N. bank of Potomac r., 28 m. w. of 
Hagerstown, and 125 N. w. of AnnapoUs. 
It is the centre of a considerable trade, and 
has excellent prospects from its facilities of 
transportation ; the Potomac r., the Chesa- 
peake and Ohio canal, and the Bait, and 
Ohio R. R. pass it closely, and an excellent 
turnpike passes through it — all in a direction 
E. and w. 

Harewood, v., Baltimore co. Situate on 
the s. side of Bird's r., near its confluence 
with Gunpowder r., 16 m, e. of Baltimore. 



HAR 



[75] 



HAR 



1820 its population was 15,924; in 1840, 17,120; and in 1850, 19,35G, of which 14,413 
were white persons, 2,777 free colored persons, and 2,166 slaves; and of the population, 
exclusive of slaves, 14,957 were natives of Maryland, 1,235 of other portions of the Union, 
and 998 of foreign states. Dwellings 2,977, and families 2,985. Births, 469; marriages, 
77; and deaths, 246. Deaf and dumb, 11; blind, 4; insane, 14; and idiotic, 18. Slaves 
— manumitted, in 1849-50, 30 ; and fugitive, 37. 

The number of farms in the county on the 1st June, 1850, was 1,278, covering 123,094 
acres improved, and 86,509 acres unimproved lands, valued at $4,177,047; and the value 
of farming implements and machinery wasSl56,114. The live stock consisted of — horses, 
3,662; asses and mules, 224; milch cows, 5,003; working oxen, 1,515; other cattle, 
4,113; sheep, 8,424; swine, 14,342, valued in the aggregate at $444,400; and the value 
of animals slaughtered during the year ending at the above date was $100,560. The va- 
lue of the dairy was $236,825, and the wool crop amounted to 21,072 pounds. The pro- 
ducts of the soil were — wheat, 186,421 bushels; rye, 2.010; Indian corn, 516,537; oats, 
220,012; barley, 76; buckwheat, 34,180; beans and peas, 118; Irish potatoes, 56,470, 
and sweet potatoes, 45 bushels. The value of orchard products was $9,507, and of mar- 
ket-garden products, $336; and of wine 56 gallons was produced. There is also enumerated 
in the census a number of other products, as hay, 12,837 tons ; clover-seed, 2,547 bush- 
els ; other grass-seed, 170 bushels; hops, 20 pounds; flax, 262 pounds; flax-seed, 15 
bushels ; and beeswax and honey, 4,286 pounds. The value of home-made manufactures 
was $5,051. 

The principal manufactures of Harford are iron, flour and leather. On the 1st of June, 
1850, the county contained 70 industrial establishments, in which an aggregate capital 
of $428,655 was invested, and in which raw material, valued at $398,732, was consumed 
in 1849-50. The whole number of businesses represented Avas 20, and the whole number 
of hands employed was 320, at an average monthly cost of $6,456, producing in the year 
to the value of $545,676. The statistics of the principal businesses were as follow: 



Business or Value of 

Manufactures. No. Capital. Haads. prod'cts. 

Agric. implementg 9. ...$2,775 21. ..$7,390 

Blacksmiths 11 2,875 -25 8.816 

Woolen mills 3 7,600 20--. 13,100 

Paper mill 1 6,000 5 8,000 



Business or Value of 

Manufactures. No. Capital. Hands, prod'cts 

Forges, iron 2.. $38,500 27 . . . 29,300 

Furnaces 4.. 280,000 144. .171,800 

Flour mills 12.. . 6,5,,'500 21 ..262,010 

Tanneries 6.. .11,000 17 9,700 



Also boot and shoe shops 4, with six hands ; brick field 1, with 2 hands ; broom factory 
1 ; cabinet factories 2, with 4 hands ; carriage factory 1, with 2 hands; cooper's shop 1, with 
3 hands ; pottery 1, with 2 hands ; lime kilns 3, with 6 hands ; bark mill 1, with 3 hands ; 
saw mills 2 ; iron mine 1, with 5 hands ; and stone mason's shops 2, with 8 hands. 

The average wages to a farm-hand in this county is $10 a month with board ; of a 
day-laborer with board 50 cents, and without board 75 cents; of a carpenter, $1 25 
a day, and of a female domestic with board $1 a week. The price of board for laboring 
men is $2 a week. 

Assessed for taxation, the value of all real and personal estate in the county in 1850 
amounted to $5,087,990, and the amount of taxes laid thereon was $41,686, of which 
$12,556 was for state purposes, and $29,130 for county purposes. The number of 
paupers supported during the year was 28, of which 17 remained on the lists on the 1st 
June, 1850— annual cost, $2,800. 

The county is poorly supplied with means of education. Not a single public library ex- 
ists within its limits, and only 16 private ones with the small aggregate of 6,825 volumes • 
and three weekly papers circulating from 300 to 500 copies are the only local vehicles of 
news. The number of children tliat had attended school in 1849-50 was 2,213 ; and 
there was on the 1st June, 1850, within the county, 17 primary and common schools with 
17 teachers and 390 scholars, and 2 academies and other schools with 2 teachers and 68 
pupils. The expenses for the year, incident to the schools, amounted to $4,150, all de- 
rived from the public funds ; and the expenses of the academies was $650, of which 
amount $500 was realized from endowment, and $150 from the public funds. These 
statistics exhibit a state of things unworthy of so prosperous a county as that of Harford, 
and call loudly for some beneficent reform. The number of " adults who cannot read and 
write" was 866, viz : 207 white persons, and 659 free colored persons. 

At the period above named, there were in the county 38 churches, capable of accommo- 
dating 9,550 persons, and valued, as property, at $51,300. The Methodists are more 
numerous than all other denominations together, and had 21 churches, with accommoda- 



HAR 



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HOO 



tion for 4,950 persons; the Baptists had 3 churches, with accommodation for 900 persons; 
the Episcopalians 3 churches, and accommodation for 850 persons ; the Friends 5 churches, 
and accommodation for 1,000; the Presbyterians 3 clmrches, and accommodation for 850 
persons ; the Roman Catholics 2 churches, and accommodation for 700 persons ; and the 
Union or Free Church, 1 church, and accommodation for 300. 

The great thoroughfare of this county is the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore 
R. R, which traverses in a direction s. w. and n. e. through its southern portion. Its E. 
terminus is at Havre de Grace, and its w. terminus on Gunpowder river. The Tide- 
water canal from Pennsylvania has also its terminus at Havre de Grace. 

Bel-Air is the county seat of justice, and the following are the principal villages and 
post-offices : — Abingdon, Churchville, Clermont Mills, Darlington, Dublin, Fallston, Grey 
Rock, Hall's Cross Roads, Havre de Grace, Hickory Tavern, Highland Grove, Hopewell 
Cross Roads, Jarrettsville, Jerusalem Mills, Magnolia, Michaelsville, Mill Green, Perry- 
mansville, Pleasantville, Rock Run, Sandy Hook, Shawsville, Taylor, Upper Cross Roads. 



Harford, v., Harford co. Situate at the 
junction of James' and Bynham's Runs at 
the head of Bush r., 8 m. s. of Bel- Air. It 
is known also as Bush. 

Harris' Lot, p. o., Charles co. 

Harrisonville, p. v., Baltimore co. Situ- 
ate on the Union Town post-road, 7 m. w. 
of Baltimore city. 

Havre de Grace, seaport, p. t, Harford co. 
Situate on the w. side of Susquehanna r., at 
its confluence with Chesapeake Bay, 16 
m. E. of Bel- Air, and 64 n. e. of Annapolis. 
The Bait, and Philadelphia Rail-road passes 
through the place, and crosses Susquehanna 
r. by a steam ferry, and here is the s. ter- 
minus of the Tide-water or Susquehanna 
canal, which furnishes a navigable channel 
between the sea and the system of canals in 
Pennsylvania. The town itself is small, but 
well built, and contains several stores and 
warehouses ; and in 1850, it had a popula- 
tion of 1,336—1,049 white persons, 203 free 
colored persons, and 84 slaves. The various 
mechanic arts and commerce form the chief 
industrial pursuits ; and in the proper sea- 
son, the shad and herring fisheries of the 
river and bay give employment to many. 
The " Harford Madisonian" is published 
here, weekly circulation about 400 copies. 
The British, under Admiral Cockburn, 
sacked and burned the place in 1814. 

Head of Sassafras, p. o., Kent co. Situ- 
ate, as its name implies, at the head of Sas- 
safras r., 18 m. E. of its confluence with 
Chesapeake Bay, 28 m. n. e. of Chester- 
town, and 70 m. n. e. of Annapolis. 

Hereford, p. v., Baltimore co. Situate 
3 m. w. of Gunpowder Falls, on the turn- 
pike, 28 m. N. of Baltimore city, and 52 n. 
of Annapolis. 

Herring Bay. An arm of Chesapeake 
Bay on its western side, indenting the 
shores of Anne Arundel and Calvert coun- 
ties. Holland's Point is its south headland. 

Herring Run, Baltimore co. A tributary 
of Back r., which it joins in its north-west- 
ern arm. 



Hickory, p. v., Harford co. Situate at 
the head streams of Bynham's Run, 5 m. N. 
of Bel- Air, and 58 n. of AnnapoUs. 

HiCKSBURG, p. v., Dorchester co. 

Highland Grove, p. o., Harford co. 

HiLLSBORo', p. v., Caroline co. Situate 
on the E. of Tuckahoe cr., 7 m. w. N. w. of 
Denton, and 59 e. of AnnapoUs. 

Hill Top, v., Charles co. Situate on a 
creek of Nanjemoy r., 8 m. w. of Port To- 
bacco. 

Hilton, v., Howard co. Situate near 
the Patapsco r., one mile s. w. of EUicott's 
Mills. 

Hole-in-the-Wall, v., Talbot co. Situ- 
ate at the Cross-Roads, 8 m. s. of Easton. 

Holland's Islands, Dorchester co. A 
cluster of islands ranging n. and s., and 
enclosing the large bay containing the estu- 
aries of the Nanticoke, Wicomico, and 
Manokin rivers. 

Holland's Point, Calvert co. The ex- 
treme e. point of the s. boundary of Her- 
ring Bay, so called. 

Holly Point, Baltimore co. The e. 
point of the s. shore of Middle r., so 
called. 

Honga River, or Sound, Dorchester co. 
A broad, navigable sound, intervening be- 
tween Hooper's island and the main. 

Hood's Mills, Carroll co. Situate on 
the N. side of the w. branch of the Patapsco 
r., and on the line of the Bait, and Ohio 
R. R., 35 m. w. of Baltimore, 16 s. of 
Westminster, and 56 n. n. w. of Anna- 
polis. 

HooKTOWN, v., Talbot co. Situate 2 ra. 
E. of St. ^Michael's r., and 3 N. of Easton. 

HooKSTOWN, p. v., Baltimore co. Situate 
2 m. E. of Gwinn's Falls, 6 m. n. of Balti- 
more, on the Westminster turnpike, and 33 
N. N. w. of Annapolis. 

Hooper's Island, Dorchester co. A large 
island of Chesapeake Bay, separated from 
the main land by Honga r. 

Hoop Pole Ridge, Alleghany co. A 
long ridge of the Alleghanies, traversing 



HOP 



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JEF 



the w. part of the county in a du-ection N. 
E. aud s. w. 

Hopewell Cross-Road?, p. o., Harford 
CO. Situate on the main road from Balti- 
more to Philadelphia, where it is crossed by 
the Havre de Grace road, about 4 m. w. of 
Susquehanna r., and 5 w. of Port Deposit, 6 
m. X. w. of Havre de Grace, and 8 m. e. n. 
E. of Bel- Air. Largfe droves of cattle for 



the eastern markets pass this point. The 
country around is well settled, and great 
improvements have been made of late 
years in the routine of agricultural opera- 
tions. A Temperance Hall, for the con- 
venience of the neighborhood, has been 
lately erected. 

Horse Head, p. o.. Prince George co. 

Houck's Store, p. o., Carroll co. 



HOWARD COUNTY formed a portion of Anne Arundel previous to 1851, and in 
that connection was known as the Howard District. It occupies about 144,000 acres- 
situate between the Patapsco and Patuxent rivers, and lying north-west of Anne Arun- 
del county, as at present constituted. The surface is undulating, and the drainage excel- 
lent. Numerous creeks, rising from the interior of the county, fall into the streams which 
almost surround it, and in their course furnish considerable mill-power. The statistics of 
this county are not given separate from those of Anne Arundel in the census of 1850, as 
published by the State Department, and hence the interests of the two counties have been 
considered together. (See Anne Arundel County.) It is evident, however, on reference 
to the list of towns contained in Howard, that the great bulk of the manufactures attributed 
to Anne Arundel, belong, in reality, to this county. The Bait, and Ohio R. R. traverses 
the north boundary of the county, and the Bait, and Washington Branch R. R. the south- 
ern boundary. The following are the principal villages and post-offices: Cookesville, 
Elkridge Landing, EUicott's Mills, Elysville, Ilchester Mills, Lisbon, Marriottsville, Poplar 
Springs, Savage, &c. 



HoTSTOWN, v., Alleghany co. 

Hungary Neck, Somerset co. A long 
peninsula, lying between Wicomico r. and 
Monie cr. 

Hunting Creek, Dorchester co. A tribu- 
tary of Choptank r. 

Hunting Creek, Frederick co. A tribu- 
tary of Monocacy r., from the w. 

Hunting Creek Town, v., Dorchester co. 
Situate on the e. side of Hunting cr. of the 
Choptank r., 5 m. above its confluence w'th 
the latter. 

Huntingtown, p. v., Calvert co. Situate 
on the s. side of Huntingtown cr., 3 m. n 
N. w. of Prince Fredericktown, and 42 s. of 
Annapolis. 

Huntingtown Creek, Calvert co. A 
creek of Patuxent r. 

Hyattstown, p. v., Montgomery co. 
Situate near the n. w. county line, about 
2(1 s. of Bennett's cr. of Monocacy r., 17 
m. N. w. of Rockville, and 72 w. by N. of 
Annapolis. 

Ijamsville, p. v., Frederick co. Situate 
on the N. side of Bush cr., 6 m. from its 
confluence with Monocacy r., 10 m. s. e. of 
Frederick city, and 71 n. w. of Annapolis. 
The Bait, and Ohio R. R., passes through 
the village. Baltimore distant 54 m. e. 

iLcnESTER Mills, p. o., Howard co. Sit- 
uate on the s. side of Patapsco r., 13 m. w. 
of Baltimore, and 2 m. from ElUcott's Mills. 
The Bait, and Ohio R. R. passes by this 
place. 

Indiait Landing, v., Anne Arundel co. 



Situate at the head of Severn r., on its w. 
side, 9 m. n. of Annapolis. 

Indian Spring, Washington co. A no- 
ted watering-place on North Mountain, 15 
m. w. of Hagerstown. 

Irish Creek, Talbot co. An inlet of the 
estuary of Choptank r., between Tread- 
haven cr. and Broad cr. 

Isle of Wight, Worcester co. A small 
island at the entrance of St. Martin's r. 

Israel Creek, Frederick co. A tributary 
of Monocacy r., from the e. 

Israel Creek, Washington co. A tribu- 
tary of Potomac r., flowing through Pleas- 
ant Valley, and having its sources in the 
slopes of South and Elk mountains. 

James' Island, Dorchester co. An island 
of the Chesapeake, a little s. of Choptank r. 

Jane's Island, Somerset co. More pro- 
perly a peninsula, this swampy neck of 
land projects into Chesapeake Bay, between 
Annemesix and Little Annemesix rivers, 
about 5 m. 

Jarrettsville, p. v., Harford co. Situ- 
ate s. of Deer Creek in the n. w. part of the 
county, 12 m. N. N. w. of Bel- Air, and 65 N, 
of Annapolis. 

Jefferson, p. v., Frederick co. Situate 
about a mile e. of Catoctin cr., and between 
that and Catoctin Mountain, 4 m. n. from 
Potomac r., 8 m. s. w. of Frederick city, 
and 86 n. w. of Annapolis. Population in 
1850, 337 — 245 white persons, 8 free colored 
persons, 84 slaves. 

Jefferson's Corner, p. v., Somerset co. 



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[ TS J 



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Jennimg's Run, Alleghany co. Rises by 
two forks from e. slope of Great Savage 
Mountain, and after an e. course of 20 
miles in its windings empties into Will's 
Creek 4 m. above Cumberland. Mt. Savage 
village is located on the s. fork, and Wel- 
lersburg on the n. fork. 

Jerusalem Mills, p. o., Harford co. Situ- 
ate on the E. side of Little Gunpowder 
Falls, 8 m. s. e. of Bel-Air, and 46 n. of 
Annapolis. 

JonNsviLLE, p. v., Frederick co. Situate 
on an elevated plat, from which streams flow- 
ing in every direction to Antietam cr., Sam's 
or., &c. have their rise, 13 m. n. e. in a di- 
rect line of Frederick city, and 74 m. n. w. 
of Annapolis. The vicinity is one of the 
finest agricultural districts in the county. 



Jones' Falls, Baltimore co. A stream 
from the n., passing through the city of 
Baltimore centrally, and falling into the 
Inner Harbor. It is a fine mill stream, and 
is the site of extensive manufactures. 

JoppA, v., Harford co. Situate on the 
N. E. side of Gunpowder r., and about a 
mile N. of the Bait, and Philadelphia R. E. 
track. 

Kedges, or Cagis Strait, Dorchester co. 
A narrow passage between Holland's Is- 
lands and Smith's Island, so called, by which 
a navigable communication is had between 
Tangier Sound and Chesapeake Bay. 

Keedtsville, p. v., Washington co. Situ- 
ate on L. Antietam cr., 13 m. s. of Hagers- 
town, and 88 n. w. of Annapolis. 



KENT COUNTY occupies the whole of the peninsula situate between Sassafras river 
and Chester river, affluents of Chesapeake Bay, and several islands in the wide estuary of 
the latter river. Its superficies contain only 174,080 acres, it being, with the exception 
of Calvert, the smallest county in the state. The surface is high and rolling, generally 
dry and well-drained by creeks flowing into its border streams, and its soil is of excellent 
quality, and fertile. The forest growths are several varieties of oak, hickory, chestnut, 
pine, locust, walnut, cedar, gum and beech ; and its grasses are rich and nutritious. Marl 
and lime (from shell beds) are abundant, and are the most commonly used fertilizers of 
the soil. The finest crops of the county are wheat, Indian corn and oats, for which the 
climate is eminently suited; and in proportion to its extent the amount of live stock 
owned and fed on the pasture lands is above the average. 

The county was organized by the provincial legislature in 1650, and derived its name 
from the neighboring island, called Kent, the seat of the first settlements within the state. 
In 1790 it contained 12,836 inhabitants; in 1820 its population had decreased to 11,453, 
and in 1840 to 10,842, laut in 1850 it had somewhat regained its former numbers — the 
population having increased to 11,386, or in the ratio during the preceding decenniad of 
5'02 per centum. The whole of this decrease has occurred in the free colored and slave 
population. Of the population in 1850, the number of white persons was 5,616; of free 
colored, 1,571 ; and of slaves, 2,627 ; and of the white and free colored persons 7,992 
were natives of Maryland, 695 (of which 528 from Delaware) of other states of the Union, 
and 72 of foreign countries. Dwellings 1,584, and families 1,584. Deaf and dumb, 7; 
blind, 6 ; insane, 8 ; and idiotic, 8. Slaves — manumitted, in 1849-50, huo, and fugitive, ten. 

On the 1st June, 1850, there were in the county 667 farms, covering 125,310 acres im- 
proved and 41,103 acres unimproved lands, together valued at $3,047,309; and the value 
of farming implements and machinery was $92,702. The live stock consisted of 2,985 
horses, 206 asses and mules, 3,083 milch cows, 899 working oxen, 3,373 other cattle, 
6,826 sheep, and 11,756 swine, valued in the aggregate at $298,069. Wool was produced 
in 1849-50, to the amount of 21,312 pounds ; butter, of 46,122 pounds ; and the value of 
animals slaughtered was $60,118. j The soil crops consisted of wheat, 194,860 bushels ; 
rye, 200; Indian corn, 556,731; oats, 126,206; buckwheat, 695; peas and beans, 620; 
Irish potatoes, 44,653 ; and sweet potatoes, 1,820 bushels ; also hay, 856 tons ; clover- 
seed, 332 bushels ; hops, 25 pounds ; dew-rotted hemp, 5 tons, &c. The value of orchard 
products amounted to $20,715, and of market-garden products, $1,240 ; and the production 
of beeswax and honey amounted to 1,495 pounds. Home-made manufactures were va- 
lued at $400. 

The manufacturing industry of Kent is confined to the production of articles suitable to 
the local population. On the 1st June, 1850, the whole number of industrial establish- 
ments was only 34, in which the capital invested was $45,700, and the annual produc- 
tion, $111,750. Value of raw material consumed, $73,642; average number of hands 
employed, 82 ; average monthly wages paid, $1,540. Five flour, and six grist mills repre- 
sented more than half the above sums ; besides which, there were 9 boot and shoe fac- 
tories employing 34 hands ; 4 carriage factories, with 16 hands ; 5 blacksmith shops, with 
8 hands ; and one establishment each for farming implements, cabinet ware, coopering, 



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[79] 



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woolen goods, and saddlery. No steam power is used in the county ; and water power in 
the woolen, flour and grist mills only. 

The average wages of a farm-hand with board was $8 a month. A day-laborer averaged 62 
cents. Carpenters, $1 30 a day. Female domestics 75 cents a week with board. The 
price of board for laboring men averaged $1 50. 

The value of real and personal property in the county, 1st June, 1850, amounted to 
$4,574,821, and the taxes for the previous year assessed thereon, to $32,472 ; namely, 
state ta-K, SI 1,613; county tax, $10,171 ; school tax, $5,315 ; poor tax, $2,744 ; and road 
tax, $2,629. The number of paupers supported during 1849-50, was 55, and the expense 
$1,063 ; and the same number remained on the lists on the 1st June, 1850 ; and the num- 
ber of criminals convicted in 1849-50, was three^ and the same number were undergoing 
their sentence on the 1st June, 1850. 

There were, at the date above named, 1 college, 4 academies and other schools, and 29 
primary and public schools in the county. The following statistics show their condition 
at that point of time : 

Class. Number. Teachers. Scholars. Total Income. 

College 1 3 40 $3,500 

Academies, &c 4 6 160 1,800 

Public schools 29 29 700 5,553 

But during the year past, 1,042 individuals had attended school, of which 569 were 
males, and 473 females. The number of " Adults who cannot read and write" was 204 
white persons, and 392 free colored. The " Kent News," issued at Chestertown weekly, 
and circulating 500 copies, was the only newspaper pubhshed. There were in the county 
22 Ubraries containing an aggregate of 11,026 volumes : 15 containing 9,550 volumes were 
private libraries, and the residue belonged to colleges and schools. 

The county contained 37 churches which had accommodation for 9,300 persons, and 
which were valued as property at $40,950 ; of these, six belonged to the Episcopahans, with 
accommodation for 2,050 ; three to the Friends Society, for 400 ; 26 to the Methodists, 
for 6,550 ; and two to the Presbyterians, for 300. 

In the lower part of the county was fought, on the 14th day of August, 1814, the mem- 
orable battle of Caulk's Field, in which 127 Americans, under command of Col. Philip 
Reed, encountered nearly 300 British under Sir Peter Parker ; and after some very sharp 
fighting, the Americans drove their enemies from the field, leaving 14 of their men dead, 
and carrying off with them, in their retreat, their commander, who died of his wounds be- 
fore they got aboard their vessels riding in Chesapeake Bay. 

Chestertown is the county seat of justice ; and the following are the principal villages 
and post-offices : — Ciiesterville, Georgetown Cross Roads, Harmony, Head of Sassafras, 
Massey's Cross Roads, Millington, Rock Hall, UrieviUe. 



Kent Island, Queen Anne co. The 
largest and most important island of Chesa- 
peake Bay, containing about 42 square 
miles of surface. The first settlement with- 
in the present limits of Maryland were 
made on this island by Claiborne, and here 
is the scene of many interesting events in 
the early colonial history of the state. 

Keyser's Ridge, p. o., Alleghaay co. 

Keyser's Ridge, Alleghany co. A short 
ridge at the head of Bear cr., a tributary of 
Youghiogeny r. 

Kingstown, p. o., Somerset co. Situate 
at the head waters of Annemesix r., 11 m. 
s. of Princess Anne, and 118 m. s. e. by s. 
of Annapolis. 

Kingstown, or Kingston, v., Talbot co. 
Situate on w. side of Choptank r., 8 m. e. 
of Easton. 

KiNGSviLLE, v., Baltimore co. Situate 2 
m. N. of Great Gunpowder Falls, 10 m. n. e. 
of Baltimore city. 



Knoxville, v., Frederick co. Situate on 
the N. bank of Potomac r., and on the lines 
of Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, and of the 
Bait, and Ohio R. R., 79 m. w. of Baltimore 
city, and 15 m. s. w. of Frederick city. 

Ladiesbtjrgh, p. v., Frederick co. Situ- 
ate on the s. side of Sam's cr., 16 m. n. n. e. 
of Frederick city, and 81 m. N. w. of Anna- 
polis. 

Lakesville, p. v., Dorchester co. Situ- 
ate s. of Little Choptank r., 6 m. s. e. of 
Cambridge, and 63 m. s. e. of Annapohs. 

Langford's Creek, Kent co. A large 
creek in the s. part of the county, between 
Quaker Neck and Piney Neck, emptying 
into Langford's Bay, an arm of Chester r., 
about 14 m. above its confluence with 
Chesapeake Bay at Love's Point. This 
creek is divided in its upper part into two 
branches by the intervention of Broad 
Neck. 



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[80] 



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Lappon's Cross Roads, p. o., Washington 
CO. Situate at the cross roads, G m. s. of 
Hagerstown, and 70 m. av. of AnnapoUs. 

Lauraville, p. o., Baltimore co. 

Laurel Factory, p. o., Prince George co. 
Situate on the w. side of Big Patuxent r., 
26 m. N. of Upper Marlboro', and 24 m. w. 
N. "w. of Annapolis. 

Laytonsville, p. v., Montgomery co. 

Leeds, v., Cecil co. Situate on the divide 
between Big and Little Elk rivers, 8 m. n. 
of Elkton. 

Leesborough, p. v., Montgomery co. 
Situate on the Washington and Rockville 
turnpike, 6 m. e. s. e. of Rockville, and 
9 N. of Washington city, D. C. The name 
of the post-office is " Cottage," (which see) 
The village and its suburbs have about 50 
houses, 5 water mills, and one steam mill for 
grinding and sawing : also Catholic, Episco- 
pal, and Methodist churches and Sunday 
schools. The buildings are generally frame- 
work, but several are of stone and brick : 
one of the latter, the mansion of Francis P. 
Blair, Esq., on " Silver Spring farm." Great 
improvements have of late years been made 
in the agriculture of this neighborhood. 
The whole section is proverbially healthy, 
and is well watered by creeks flowing to 
Rock Creek and east branch of Potomac r. 
Leesborough is on a part of a 4,000 acre tract 
called " St. Joseph's Park," originally the 
estate of the Carroll family, some of whose 
descendants remain on it. Very large 
droves of cattle from Virginia travel through 
the village to the market of Baltimore. 
Population about 300. 

Leitersburg, p. v., Washington co. Situ- 
ate in the n. e. corner of the county, 2 m. e. 
of Antietam cr., 9 m. n. e. of Hagerstown, 
and 112 n. w. of Annapolis. Population in 
1850, 298 — all white persons. The vicinity 
is a flourishing agricultural country, drained 
by several fine affluents of Antietam cr., and 
inhabited by a most industrious community. 

Leister's Lane, v., Carroll co. Situate 
on the high lands of Parr's Ridge, 8 m. n. 
of Westminster. 

Leonardtown, CO. seat and p. o., St. 
Mary's co. Situate on the e. side of Brit- 
ton's Bay, a small branch of Potomac r., 87 
m. s. of Annapolis, and 64 m. s. s. e. of 
Washington, D. C. It contains the usual 
county buildings, and about GO houses, some 
of which are commodious and well built. 

Lewistown, p. v., Frederick co. Situate 
on Fishing cr., 10 m. n. of Frederick city, 
and 85 n. w. of Annapolis. 

Libertytown, p. v., Frederick co. Situ- 
ate 2 m. N. of Linganore cr., of Monocacy 
r., 15 m. E. N. E. of Frederick city, and 70 
m. N. w. of Annapolis. 



Libertytown, v., Worcester co. Situate 
on the E. side of Pocomoke r., 16 m. n. n. e, 
of Snow Hill. 

Licking Creek, Washington co. A con- 
siderable stream from Pennsylvania, run- 
ning south through this county to a con- 
fluence with Potomac r., 12 m. e. of Han- 
cock. 

Linganore Creek, Frederick co. A tribu- 
tary to Monocacy, r., from Parr's Ridge. 

Lisbon, p. v., Howard co. Situate on 
the Baltimore and Frederick turnpike, 13 
m. w. N. w. of EUicott's Mills, and 23 m. of 
Baltimore city. 

Little Back-bone, Alleghany co. One 
of the ridges of the Alleghany Mountains. 

Little Bohemia River, Cecil co. The 
south-east branch of Bohemia r., so called. 

Little Choptank River, Dorchester co. 
A large inlet of Chesapeake Bay, about 5 
m. s. of Choptank r. ; a number of creeks 
empty into it on all sides. 

Little Conecocheague Creek, Washing- 
ton CO. Rises in several streams on the e. 
side of North Mountain, and flowing s. falls 
into Potomac r. 

Little Conoloway Creek, Washington 
CO. A small stream from the N., which 
falls into Potomac r., at Hancock. 

Little Crossings, v., Alleghany co. Situ- 
ate at the point where the National Road 
crosses Little Youghiogeny r., 25 m. w. of 
Cumberland. 

Little Deel's Island, Somerset co. An 
island lying outside the estuary of Mano- 
kin r. 

Little Elk River, Cecil co. The west- 
ern fork of Elk river, so called. 

Little Gunpowder Falls. A fine mill 
stream, separating Baltimore and Harford 
counties, and falling into the n. w. arm of 
Gunpowder r. 

Little Gunpowder, p. o., Baltimore co. 
Situate on the w. side of Little Gunpowder 
cr., two miles above its confluence with 
Gunpowder r., 14 m. e. n. e. of Baltimore 
city, and 46 n. by e. of Annapolis. 

Little Hong a River, Dorchester co. A 
branch of Honga r., lying between Meek- 
in Neck and the main land. 

Little Patuxent River, Howard and 
Anne Arundel cos. The eastern branch of 
Patuxent r., which, after watering the 
southern portion of Howard co., in which 
it has its rise, by several streams, passes 
into Anne Arundel co., through the w. sec- 
tion of which it runs to its confluence, 12 
m. s. of the Howard co. line. 

Little Pipe Creek, Carroll co. A tribu- 
tary of Sam's cr. of Monocacy r., from the 
w. slope of Parr's Ridge, 

Little Toughic jeny River, Alleghany 



LLO 



[81 ] 



MIC 



CO. Drains the N. part of the valley be- 
tween Negro Mountain and IMeadows 
Mountain, from the slopes of which it has 
its sources; and passing n. into Pennsyl- 
vania, by its junction with Flaugherty's cr., 
forms Casselman's r., the largest tributary 
of Youghiogeny r. 

Llongollen Minks, Alleghany co. Situ- 
ate about 1 m. n. w. of the junction of 
George's cr. with the Potomac r. A branch 
of the Lonacouing E. E. is projected to 
these mines. 

LoNACONiNG, p. v., Alleghany co. Situate 
on the w. bank of George's cr., and on the 
Frostburg and Western post-road, 18 m. 
s. w. of Cumberland, and IS-i n. w. of An- 
napolis. A wooden track rail-road, 3 feet 
wide, leads hence to Eckart's E. E., about 
8 m., and thence to Cumberland by the lat- 
ter and Mt. Savage E. E. A rail-road is 
also projected hence to Western Port. 

LoNAcoNiNG Eail-Eoad, Alleghany co. 
This rail-road, as projected, will extend 
from Lonaconing southward to the Poto- 
mac r., which it will reach immediately 
w. of the mouth of George's creek, and 
opposite Western Port. Length, 7 miles. 

London Town, v., Anne Arundel co. 
Situate on the w. side of South r., 5 m. 
S. w. of Annapolis. 

Long Green Academy, p. o., Baltimore co. 
Situate in Long Green Valley, north of 
Great Gunpowder Falls, 14 m. N. e. of Bal- 
timore city, and 52 m. n. of Annapolis. 

Long Marsh, p. o.. Queen Anne co. Sit- 
uate to the E. of Tuckahoe cr., 14 m. n. e. 
of Centre ville, and 51 e. n. e. of Annapo- 
lis. 

Long Old Fields, p. o., Prince George 
CO. Situate on the Washington post-road, 
8 m. w. of Upper Marlboro', and 31 m. w. 
of AnnapoHs. 

LouisTowN, v., Talbot co. Situate on the 
w. side of Tuckahoe cr., 5 m. n. of its con- 
fluence with Choptank r. 

Love Point, Queen Anne co. The most 
northerly cape or headland of Kent 
island. 

Love's, Baltimore co. A station on the 
Bait, and Susquehanna E. E., 20 m. n, of 
Baltimore city. 

Lower Marlboro', p. v., Calvert co. 
Situate on the e. side of Patuxent r., 38 m. 
above its confluence with Chesapeake Bay, 
13 m. N. N. w. of Prince Frederick Town, 
and. 41 s. w. of Annapolis. 

McKinstry's Mills, p. o., Carroll co. 
Situate on Dickinson's cr., 7 m. s. w. of 
Westminster, and 68 n. w. of Annapolis. 

Magnolia, p. v., Harford co. Situate on 
the line of the Philadelpliia, Wilmington 



and Baltimore E. E., 18 m. e. of Baltimore, 
12 s. of Bel-Air, and 46 n. n. e. of An- 
napolis. 

Magatht Eiver, Anne Arundel co. A 
considerable stream, confluent with Chesa- 
peake Bay, between Stony and Sandy 
points. 

Manchester, p. v., Carroll co. Situate at 
the head waters of Big Pipe cr., in the hilly 
region of Parr's Eidge, 10 m. n. n. e. of 
Westminster, and 60 n. w. of Annapohs. 
A fine wheat and grazing country sur- 
rounds the village. In 1850 it contained 
507 inhabitants, only two of whom were 
colored persons. A good road leads direct 
to Baltimore. Distant s. s. e. 32 miles. 

Manokin Neck. A peninsula lying be- 
tween Manokin r. and Monie cr., termin- 
ating in Haines' Point. 

Manokin Eiver, Somerset co. A large 
creek or estuary of Chesapeake Bay, at the 
head of which is located Princess Ann, the 
county capital. 

Marriottsville, p. v., Howard co. Situ- 
ate on the s. side of Patapsco r., and on the 
hne of the Bait, and Ohio E. E., 29 m. w. 
of Baltimore city, and 47 n. w. of Anna- 
polis. 

Marshy Hope Creek, Dorchester co. A 
large cr. of Nanticoke r., from the N. It 
rises in Delaware. 

Maryland Line, p. v., Baltimore co. 
Situate on the n. hne of the county and 
state, 32 m. n. of Baltimore city, and 62 
N. of Annapolis. The Baltimore and Har- 
risburg, Pa., post-road passes through the 
village. 

Massey's Cross Eoads, p. o., Kent co. 
Situate equi-distant between Sassafras and 
Chester rivers, 3 m. w. of Delaware state 
hne, 21 m. e. n. e. of Chestertown, and 56 
N. E. of Annapolis. 

Matthew's Store, p. o., Howard co. 
Situate on the post-road, 3 m. s. w. of 
Cooksville, and 16 w. of EUicott's Mills. 

Meadow Mountain, Alleghany co. A 
ridge of the Alleghanies. 

Mechanicstown, p v., Frederick co. Sit- 
uate on the w. side of Hunting cr., and at 
the foot of Catoctin Mountain, where the 
road passes through Harmon's Gap, 14 m. 
N. of Frederick city, and 89 n. w. of An- 
napolis. 

Mechanicsville, v., Montgomery co. 
Situate in a hilly region, at the head waters 
of Eock cr., 8 m. n. e. of Eockville, and 64 
w. N. w. of Annapolis. 

Melvale, v., Baltimore co. Situate on 
the w. side of Jones' Falls, and on the line 
of the Bait, and Susquehanna E. E., 4 m. 
N. of Baltimore city. 

Michaelsville, p. v., Harford co. Situ- 



MID 



[ 82 ] 



MON 



ate tAvo miles e. of Bush r., 15 m. s. e. of 
Bel-Air, and GO n. by e. of Annapolis. 

MiDDLEBRooK MiLLS, p. V., Montgomery 
CO. Situate on Seneca or., 10 m. n. w. of 
Kockville, and 66 w. of Annapolis. 

MiDDLEBURGH, p. V., Carroll CO. Situate 
between Sam's cr. and Big Pipe cr., 2 m. 
from their junction, 13 m. w. of Westmin- 
ster, and 78 n. w. of Annapolis. 

Middle Point, Somerset co. A point 
midway between Cape Henlopen and Che- 
sapeake Bay, and the initial point of the 
tangent line of Mason and Dixon's Sur- 
vey. 

Middle River, Baltimore co. An inlet 
of Chesapeake Bay. 

Middle River Neck, Baltimore co. A 
large indented neck of land n. of Middle r., 
and bounded on the e. and n. by Gunpow- 
der r. and Bird's r. 

Middletown, v., Dorche3ter co. Situate 
E. of Transquaking cr., 12 m. e. s. e. of 
Cambridge. 

Middletown, p. v., Frederick co. Situate 
on the E. side of Catoctin cr., and on the 
Hagerstown turnpike, 9 m. w. of Frederick 
city, and S3 N. w, of Annapolis. Middle 
cr. joias Catoctin r. immediately N. of the 
village. 

Middletown, v., Baltimore co. Situate 
near the head of Gunpowder Falls, 2 m. s. 
of the Pennsylvania state line, 30 m. n. of 
Baltimore, and 60 n. of AunapoHs. The 
Bait, and Susquehanna R. R. passes about 
one mile eastward of the village. 

Milestown, p. v., St. Mary's co. Situate 
three or four miles e. of Wicomico r., and 
19 m. N. w. of Leonardtown. 

Miller's Island, Baltimore co. A small 
island in Patapsco r., at the mouth of 
Back cr. 

MiLLERSviLLE, p. V., Anne Arundel co. 
Situate w. of Severn r., 10 m. n. w. of 



Annapolis, and on the line of the Annapo- 
lis and Elkridge R. R. 

Mill Green, p. o., Harford co. 

Millington, p. v., Kent co. Situate on 
the N. side of Chester r., 18 m. e. of Ches- 
tertown, and 53 n. e. of Annapolis. It is a 
flourishing village, and has an excellent aca • 
demy. 

Mill Mont, v., Calvert co. Distant 9 
m. from St. Leonard's, and 16 from Prince 
Frederick Town. 

Milton Hill, p. o., Charles co. Situate 
7 m. from Allen's Fresh, p. o., and IG from 
Port Tobacco. 

Monkton Mills, p. v., Baltimore co. Situ- 
ate on Great Gunpowder Falls, and on the 
hne of the Bait, and Susquehanna R. R., 22 
m. N. of Bait., and 52 n. of Annapohs. 

Monie Creek, Somerset co. A large 
creek, emptying into the estuary of Wico- 
mico r. 

Monocacy River, Frederick co. This fine 
river, with its numerous branches, spreads 
over all the central and eastern portions of 
the county, into Carroll county, and north- 
ward into Pennsylvania, occupying the 
whole region between Catoctin Mountain 
and Parr's Ridge. Its main stream has a 
course almost directly s.. through the middle 
of Frederick county, and falls into Potomac 
r., about 3 m. s. w. of Sugar Loaf Moun- 
tain. 

Monrovia, p. v., Frederick co. Situate 
on the N. side of Bush cr., 8 m. from its 
confluence with Monocacy r., 12 m. s. e. of 
Frederick city, and 71 n. w. of Annapolis. 
The Bait, and Ohio R. R. passes through 
the village ; distant 50 m. w. of Baltimore 
city. 

Montell's, Baltimore co. A station on 
the Westminster Branch R. R., 11 m. n. of 
Baltimore city. 



MONTGOMERY COUNTY lies between the Patuxent and Potomac rivers, and is 
bounded north-west by Frederick, and south-east by Prince George and the District of 
Columbia. It contains an area of 281,600 acres. The surface in the northern part of the 
county is hilly, and numerous fine creeks flow from it in every direction. Seneca creek, 
Rock creek, and the tributaries of the Eastern Branch of Potomac river, which rise 
from this region, and flow southward, drain the greater portion of the county, and have 
excellent mill sites. The streams flowing to the Monocacy and Patuxent are short, and 
comparatively of httle volume. Pure and good water is everywhere abundant. The soil is 
various, some very thin and sterile, and some rich and fertile. It. has been greatly reduced 
by an exhausting system of cultivation, but of late years has been improved by careful 
tillage. The climate is temperate and genial to general agriculture, and the winters are 
seldom too cold for out-door cattle-feeding. Oak in all its varieties, hickory, poplar, 
chestnut, pine, walnut, birch, maple, sycamore and ash constitute the timber growths ; 
and wheat, Indian corn, oats and tobacco its chief products. Gneiss, serpentine, red 
sandstone intermixed with shale, Hmestone, trap and quartz, are the prevailing rock for- 
mations. " Entering Montgomery county from the north-west," says the census of 1850, 
" red sandstone makes its appearance, and is extensively quarried near the mouth of 
Seneca creek ; it is succeeded by argilites, and within a short distance of RockviUe by 



MON [ 83 ] MON 

the serpentine formation, containing beds of chromiferous iron. This is the centre of a 
group of primary rocks, which occupies nearly the Avhole of the county ; the rocks of 
this group are principally granitic. Gneiss, horn-blende rocks, micaceous and talcose 
slates of chromiferous iron, which are used for the production of pigments and dyes, and 
ores of manganese are found." " A gold mine was discovered in this county in 1848, 
and is now worked with some profit." 

This county was organized 6th Sept., 1776, by the convention that formed the first 
Constitution of the state. It was taken from Frederick, and named after the gallant 
soldier who, in the year previous, had fallen under the walls of Quebec. Previous to 
1748, Montgomery had formed a part of Prince Greorge county, and was settled by the 
natural extension of population from St. Mary's of the Potomac. The earliest grants of 
land attested by legal records, are dated 1685, and, from the names of the grantees and 
other circumstances, it would appear that the first white inhabitants were natives of Eng- 
land. In 1790 the population of the county was 18,003. In 1820 it was found to have 
decreased to 16,400 ; and in 1830, to 14,669 ; but in 1840, it was 15,456 ; and in 1850, 
15,860. Of the population at the latter period, 9,435 were white persons, 1,311 free 
colored persons, and 5,114 slaves ; and of these, excluding the slaves, 9,758 were born in 
Maryland, 13 in other states of the Union, and 274 in foreign countries. DwelUngs, 1,923 ; 
and families, 1,960 ; and in 1849-50, there were — births, 478 ; marriages, 64 ; and deaths, 
287. Deaf and dumb, 7 ; blind, 16 ; insane, 13 ; and idiotic, 20. Slaves, fugitive, iu 
1849-50, nine. 

On the 1st June, 1850, the county contained 1,051 farms, covering 162,815 acres im- 
proved, and 111,122 acres unimproved lands, valued together at $3,084,361 ; and the 
value of farming implements and machinery was $134,179. The live stock consisted of 
4,118 horses, 93 asses and mules, 4,519 milch cows, 724 working oxen, 3,523 other cattle, 
9,780 sheep, and 16,332 swine, valued in the aggregate at $394,678 ; and the amount of 
wool produced was $28,961, and of butter, 245,297 pounds ; and the value of animals 
slaughtered in 1849-50 was $99,393. The crops of 1849-50 amounted to— wheat, 
164,108 bushels; rye, 5,157; Indian corn, 396,947; oats, 168,240; barley, 56; buck- 
wheat, 6,083; peas and beans, 589; Irish potatoes, 49,399, and sweet potatoes, 121 
bushels ; also hay, 8,588 tons ; clover-seed, 1,036 bushels, and other grass-seed, 49 
bushels; hops, 170 pounds; flax, 5,510 pounds, and flax-seed, 701 bushels. The value 
of orchard products was $8,513, and of market garden products, $4,470. Wine, 75 gallons ; 
silk cocoons, 21 pounds, and beeswax and honey, 4,334 pounds, are also found among the 
productions of the county. The value of hone-made manufactures for the year was set 
down at $9,802. 

There were, at the date before named, 80 industrial estabhshments in the county, with 
an aggregate invested capital of $137,810; consuming in the year raw material to the 
value of $219,372 ; employing on the average of 179 males^nd 63 females, at an average 
monthly cost of $3,870; and producing goods to the value of $331,167 in the year. 
Two-fifths of the capital was invested in milling operations, and one-fourth in the manu- 
facture of cotton and wool The following are the details of the principal occupations : 

Bosiness. No. Capital. Hands. Value of Products. 

Agricul ..implements 5 $1,350 10 $3,860 

Blacksmiths 8 3,000 25 9,605 

Cotton Factory 1 20,000 70 39,200 

Woolen Factories 4 15,200 30 24,500 

Mills, flour 6 25,050 13 124,945 

" grist 25 45,300 25 72,792 

" saw 15 12,050 15 15,852 

Tanneries 3 3.900 9 9,668 

And besides these there were in operation 2 boot and shoe factories, 1 cooperage, 1 en- 
graving office, 1 bone mill, 2 clover mills, 1 paper mill, 1 sumac mill, 1 saddlery, 1 stone 
quarry, and 1 tin shop. The gold mine before alluded to employed 7 hands, and pro- 
duced in the year $1,596. 

The average wages to a farm-hand with board is $8 a month ; to a day-laborer 75 
cents, or with board, 50 cents; to a carpenter, $1 25 a day; and to a female domestic 
with board $1 a week. The price of board for laboring men is $1 75 a week. 

The value of real and personal property in 1850 amounted to $4,523,800, and the taxes 
assessed thereon to $26,246; of which sum $13,128 was state tax, and $13,128 county 
tax. The number of paupers supported in the year ending 1st June, 1850, was 118; of 



MON 



[ 84 ] 



N AS 



•which 99 remained charged on the public at that date. Only one criminal was convicted 
during the year. 

From the educational statistics of this county we learn that the number of primary 
and public schools was, on the 1st June, 1850, thirty-four, with the same number of 
teachers, and 750 scholars; annual cost, $8,00G, of which $3,007 was received from 
public funds, and $4,999 from other sources ; and that the number of academies and other 
schools was 6, with 10 teachers and 160 pupils ; annual cost, $6,530, of which $1,060 
was received from public funds, and $5,470 from other sources. The whole number 
of individuals that attended school in 1849-50 was 1,264. Only one newspaper is published 
in the county, and only 8 libraries, containing 1,657 vols., exist therein. Adults, who 
cannot read and write, numbered 1,638; namely, 1,152 white adults, and 486 free colored 
adults. These facts exhibit many cogent reasons for an immediate reformation in school 
matters. Of 4,714 adults, white persons, 1,152 can neither read nor write! and of 575 
adult free colored persons, 486 labor under the same disability ! 

There were 37 churches in the county in 1850, with accommodations for 8,450 persons, and 
valued at $35,350 ; of these 4 belonged to the Baptists, 4 to the Episcopalians, 1 to the 
Friends, 18 to the Methodists, 4 to the Presbyterians, 4 to the Roman Catholics, and 2 to 
the Union or Free Church. 

RocKviLLE is the county seat of justice, and the following are the principal villages and 
post-offices — Barnesville, Brookville, Clarksburgh, Colesville, Cottage, Damascus, Daunes- 
town, Hyattstown, Laytonsville, iljddlebrook Mills, Poolsville, Sandy Spring, Seneca 
Mills, Tnadelphia, Unity. 



MoNTPELiER, v., "Washington co. Situate 
on the E. side of Little Conecocheague cr., 
13 m. w. of Hagerstown. 

Morgan's Creek, CarroU co. Rises in 
two branches from the e. slope of Parr's 
Ridge, and joins the n. branch of Patapsco 
r., of which it is the principal tributary, 6 m. 
above the forks. 

Mount Airy, p. o., Carroll co. Situate 
on Parr's Ridge — a station on the Bait, and 
Ohio R. R., 44 m. w. of Baltimore city. 

Mount Olive, p. o., St. Mary's co. 

Mount Pleasant, v., Queen Anne co. 
Situate on the e. county line, and about 2 m. 
w. of the Delaware state line, 18 m. N. e. of 
Centreville. 

Mount Pleasant, p. o., Frederick co. 
Situate on the post-road, 6 m. n. e. of Fred- 
erick city, and 81 n. w. of Annapohs. 

Mount St. Mary's College, Frederick co. 
Situate about two miles s. w. of Emmetts- 
burg, and 20 n. of Frederick city. The 
college is under Catholic auspices. In 1850 
it had 10 professors or teachers, and 130 
students. The Theological Seminary had 
24 students, of whom 15 were studying the- 
ology, and nine philosophy and humanities. 

Mount Savage, p. v., Alleghany co. Situ- 
ate at the forks of the s. branch of Jen- 
nings' Run, 9 m. w. of Cumberland, and 
176 w. n. w. of Annapolis. ' A rail-road 
extends hence to Cumberland. The Mt. 
Savage Iron Works are located in this vici- 
nity. General surface of the county 2,100 
feet above tide water. 

Mount Savage Iron Works, Alleghany 
CO. Situate on Jennings' Run, 10 m. w. of 
Cumberland, with which they communicate 
by the Mt. Savage R. R. 



Mount Savage Rail-road, AHeghany co- 
This road extends from the Iron Works at 
Mt. Savage, to Cumberland, 10 m. About 
2 m. in length belongs to the Baltimore and 
Ohio R. R. Company, and forms part of 
their general track. 

Myersville, p. v. Frederick co. 

Nanjemoy, p. v., Charles co. Situate on 
the w. side of Nanjemoy Bay, 15 m. s. w. 
of Port Tobacco, and 88 s. of Annapolis. It 
is a port, and enjoys a considerable amount 
of trade. 

Nanjemot RrvER, Charles co. An es- 
tuary or bay of Potomac r., a few miles to 
the w. of Port Tobacco. 

Nanticoke River. A large stream, which, 
rising in Delaware, flows s. w., and enters 
Maryland at a point 7 m. n. of the s. w. 
corner of Delaware. It receives Marshy 
Hope cr., its principal tributary, 3 m. w. of 
the state line, whence the united stream 
flows into Fishing Bay, an arm of the 
Chesapeake, and in its course serves as the 
line of division between Dorchester and 
Somerset counties. It is navigable through 
its whole course in Maryland, and is a high- 
way of great use to the neighboring dis- 
tricts. Vienna, a port of entry, is the prin- 
cipal centre of its commerce and trade. 

Nanticoke Point. A head-land forming 
the E. side of the entrance to Fishing Bay, 
and opposite to Bishop's Head, which forms 
the w. side. 

Naseongo Creek, Worcester co. A branch 
of Pokomoke r., its confluence with which 
occurs at a point about 2 m. s. of Snow 
Hill. It drains a large surface in the bl 
section of the county. 



NEG 



[85 ] 



OXF 



Nkguo ^Iountain, Allegh<any co. One of 
the principal ridges of the Alleghanies, 
occupying a large portion of the n. w. sec- 
tion of 'the county, and passing into Penn- 
sylvania. 

Newark, p. v., Worcester co. Situate on 
a creek of Sinepuxent Bay, 8 m. n. k. of 
Snow Hill, and 123 s. k. of AnnapoHs. 

New-Hope, p. v., Caroline co. 

NEW-Lo>fDON, p. v.. Frederick co. Situ- 
ate on the N. side of Ben's Branch of Lin- 
ganore cr., 8 m. e. of Frederick city, and 70 
N. w. of Annapolis. It stands on elevated 
ground in the centre of a beautiful agricul- 
tural county. 

New-Market, v., Baltimore co. Situate 
near the n. state line on the turnpike, 31 m. 
N. of Baltimore. 

New-Market, v., Dorchester co. Situate 
on the E. side of Choptank r. ; distant 4 m., 
and from Cambridge 9 m. n. e. 

New-Market, p. v., Frederick eo. Situate 
on the N. bank of Bush cr., and on the turn- 
pike, 8 m. E. of Frederick city, and C8 n. w. 
of Annapolis. A fine agricultural country 
surrounds the village, which enjoys also some 
trade. At the distance of less than a mile 
s. is Monrovia, a station on the Bait, and 
Ohio R. E. 

New-Market, v., Kent co. Situate on 
the N. side of Chester r., and 11 m. e. by n. 
of Chesterto^vn. 

New-Port, p. v., Charles co. Situate on 
Pites Fresh, a stream of Allen's Fresh, or 
Wicomico r., 12 m. n. of the confluence 
of the latter with Potomac r., 11 m. s. e. of 
Port Tobacco, and S3 s. w. of Annapolis. 

Newtown, p. v., Worcester co. Situate 
on the e. side of Pocomoke r., 2 ra. below 
the confluence of Dividing cr., 15 m. s. w. 
of Snow Hill, and 126 s. e. of Annapolis. 

New- Windsor, p. v., Carroll co. Situate 
on the N, side of Dickenson's branch of 
Little Pipe cr., 6 m. s. w. of Westminster, 
and 05 n. av. of Annapolis. 

New- York Company's Mines, Alleghany 
CO. Situate 3 m. e. of Frostburg, and a 
short distance n. of National Road, and 8 
m. w. of Cumberland, with which commu- 
nication is had by the Eckart R. R. 

North Branch, p. o., Baltimore co. Sit- 
uate on the north branch of Patapsco r., 
where that stream is crossed by the Bait, 
and Liberty road, IG ra, w. of Baltimore 
city, and 45 n. w. of Annapolis. The' 
country on the falls is hilly, but the soil is 
good and well cultivated. Within the de- 
livery of this office, there are some 50 or 
GO dwellings, some of stone, 5 churches, 
3 schools, and about 300 inhabitants. 

Nortr-East, p. o., Cecil co. Situate on 
the E. side of North-East r., a stream con- 



fluent with Chesapeake Bay, G m. av. of 
Elkton, and 74 n. n. e. of Annapolis. The 
Bait, and Philadelphia R. R. passes through 
the village ; distant from Baltimore 4G m., 
and from Philadelphia 52 m. 

North-East River, Cecil co. An es- 
tuary of Chesapeake Bay in its extreme 
n. e. extension. 

North Mountain, Washington co. A 
ridge of the Alleghanies. In Maryland it 
traverses a course n. and s. between Little 
Conecocheague and Licking creeks, and is 
noted for its springs. 

North Point, Baltimore co. A cape on 
the N. side of the entrance of Patapsco r. 
into Chesapeake Bay. It is one of the 
most important light-house stations on the 
Atlantic sea-board, and is a place famous in 
history as the point of debarkation of the 
British in the war of 1812. 

Nottingham, v., Cecil co. Situate be- 
tween the branches of North-East r., 6 m. 
N. of their junction, and 10 m. N. w. of 
Elkton. 

Nottingham, p. v.. Prince George co. 
Situate on the w. side of Patuxent r., 10 m. 
s. s. E. of Upper Marlboro', and 32 s. w. of 
Annapolis. 

Oakville, p. v., St. Mary's co. Distant 
10 m. from Leonardtown. 

Old-Town, p. v., Alleghany co. Situate 
on the N. bank of Potomac r., and on the 
line of the Chesapeake and Ohio canal, 14 
m. e. of Cumberland, and 152 w. n. w. of 
Annapolis. The Bait, and Ohio R. R. runs 
along the s. side of the Potomac in this 
neighborhood. This is the oldest village in 
the county, having been settled as early as 
1741 by Col. Thomas Cresap, and several 
other families. 

Orleans, p. v., Alleghany co. Situate on 
Fifteen Mile cr., near its confluence with 
Potomac r., 22 m. e. of Cumberland, and 
144 w. n. w. of Annapolis. 

Owing's Creek, Frederick co. A tribu- 
tary of Monocacy r. from Catoctin moun- 
tains. 

Owing's Mills, p. v., Baltimore co. Situ- 
ate on Gwinn's Falls, 10 m. by turnpike, n. 
w. of Baltimore city, and by Avay of rail- 
road 17 m. 

Owing's Run, p. o., Carroll co. Situate 
on the Run so named, 12 m. s. of West- 
minster, and 50 N. w. of Annapolis. 

Owing sviLLE, p. v., Howard co. Distant 
8 m. from Ellicott's Mills. 

O.XFORD, p. v., and sea port. Situcte on 
E. side of Treadhaven cr., 4 m. n. of its 
confluence with Choptank r., 13 m. s. s. w. 
of Easton, and 52 m. s. e. of Annapolis. It 
is a place of co;asiderable ti'ade. In 1849-50. 



PAL 



[ 86 ] 



PIN 



3 schooners (1758 tons) were built here ; 
and the shipping belonging to the collection 
district amounted in 1850 to 12,343 tons. 

Palmeb^s Tavern, p. o., Prince George 
CO. Situate on w. side of Potomac r., 12 
m. w. of Upper Marlboro', and 34 w. of 
Annapolis. 

Park Head, p. o., Washington co. Situ- 
ate on the turnpike, 21 m. w. of Hagers- 
town, and 122 n. w. of Annapolis. 

Parker's Island, Anne Arundel co. Sit- 
uate off the s. coast of the county, and 
forming the N. boundary of Fishing Bay. 
Lat. 38° 53 n., and long. 7G° 41 w. of 
Greenwich. 

Parkton, p. v., Baltimore co. Situate on 
the N. side of Great Gunpowder Falls, where 
it is crossed by the Bait, and Susquehanna 
E. E., 28 m. N. of Baltimore city, and 58 n. 
of Annapolis. 

Parr's Eidge, Carroll co. A low ridge 
of the Alleghanies, traversing the county in 
a N. E. and s. w. direction, and in its south- 
ern portion forming the line of division be- 
tween Frederick and Carroll counties. 

Partnership, p. v., Charles co. 10 m. 
from Port Tobacco. 

Patapsco Neck, Baltimore co. A penin- 
sula stretching between Back r. and Bear 
cr., into Chesapeake Bay, and terminating in 
North Point. 

Patapsco Eiver. Eises in numerous 
branches from the e. slope of Parr's Eidge 
in Carroll county, which unite in the s. e. 
corner of said county, and thence continue 
in a direction s. e. and e. to a confluence 
with Chesapeake Bay, between North Point 
and Bodkin Point. It is navigable for the 
largest vessels to Baltimore city, which is 
situated on its n. bank, 14 m. from its 
mouth. In its upper course it affords ex- 
tensive mill power, which is chiefly appro- 
priated to flouring. The North Branch, 
Piney Branch, and West Branch, are its 
principal constituent rivers. 

Patuxent, p. v., Anne Arundel co. Situ- 
ate on the E. side of Patuxent r., 26 m. n. 
w. of Annapohs. 

Patuxent Eiver, the longest river within 
the bounds of the state, rises in the n. part 
of Montgomery and Howard counties, and 
flowing s. E. 40 m. it turns to the s., and 
flows 50 m. in that direction, nearly paral- 
lel with Chesapeake Bay, until it enters a 
large estuary which is confluent with that 
great body of water, 18 m. n. of the mouth 
of Potomac r. Vessels of 250 tons navi- 
gate it to Nottingham, 50 m. from the 
bay, and smaller vessels further up ; but its 
upper waters are more suitable for mechani- 
cal purposes than for inland navigation. 



Perrvmansville, p. v., Harford co. Situ- 
ate on the w. side of Bush r., and on the 
Bait, and Philadelphia E. E. 27 m. e. of 
Baltimore city, and 57 n. n. e. of Annapolis. 
Perrysvili.e, p. v., Cecil co. Situate on 
the w. side of Susquehanna r., and on the 
Bait, and Philadelphia E. E., 38 m. e. ot 
Baltimore, 14 m. w. of Elkton, and G7 n. e. 
of Annapolis. 

Petersville, p. v., Frederick co. Situ- 
ate about 1 m. w. of Catoctin cr., and 3 m. n. 
of Potomac r., 11 m. s. w. of Frederick city, 
and 89 n. w. of Annapolis. Petersville and 
its district contained, in 1850, 2,351 inhabi- 
tants — 1,G0G white persons, 136 free colored 
persons, and COO slaves. 

PniLOPOLis, p. v., Baltimore co. Situate 
on the w. side of Great Gunpowder Falls, 
17 m. N. of Baltimore city, and 46 m. n. of 
Annapolis. The York Turnpike runs di- 
rectly through the village, and the Bait, and 
Susquehanna E. E. within ^ mile of it. The 
surrounding country is high and healthy. 
Limestone is found in every hill. The in- 
habitants, who are mostly "Friends," are 
entirely occupied in agricultural pursuits, 
and their farms, though small, are highly 
improved, and cultivated with the greatest 
care. The village itself consists of about 20 
dwellings, built altogether of stone. There 
are several schools and churches in the 
neighborhood ; and in the village is the 
" Milton Boarding School" for boys, a 
flourishing and efficient institution. Popu- 
lation 200. 

PncENix Mines are located near Western- 
port, on the Potomac, and cover an area of 
22,000 acres. Capital of the company 
$2,000,000. The Baltimore and Ohio E. E. 
runs immediately in front of the property, 
and will become the means of introducing 
the coal and iron of this region to the mar- 
kets. 

Pig Point, v., Anne Arundel co. Situ- 
ate on the E. side of Patuxent r., opposite 
the mouth of its western branch, 21 m. 
s. w. of Annapolis. 

PiKESviLLE, p. v., Baltimore co. Situate 
2 m. E. of Gwinn's Falls on the Westminster 
turnpike, 7 m. n. w. of Baltimore city, and 
36 m. N. of Annapolis. A little s. of the 
village is a National Arsenal. Pop. 250. 

Piney Branch, Carroll co. A tributary 
or constituent of Patapsco r., which it joins 
in the s. e. corner of the county. It has its 
sources in the e. slope of Parr's Eidge. 

Piney Creek, Carroll co. A tributary of 
Monocacy r., which it unites with, 5 m. s. of 
the Pennsylvania state line. 

Piney Creek, p. o., Carroll co. Situate on 
the cr. of the same name 22 m. n. w. of 
Westminster. 



PIN 



L 87 ] 



POR 



PiNEY Point, St. Mary's co. A clear, 
open cape projecting into the Potomac r., 
which is here 8 m. wide, and much resorted 
to for bathing. 

PiscATAWAY, p. v., Princo George co. 
Situate on the s. side of the river of the 
same name, 7 m. above its confluence with 
IPotomac r., 16 m. s. w. of Upper Marlboro', 
and 39 s. w. of Annapolis. 

PiscATAWAY River, Prince George co. 
Eises a little westward of Upper Marl- 
boro', whence its course is s. w. to Pisca- 
taway village, and then w. to the Potomac, 
which it enters at Fort Washington Point. 
The upper course of the stream is a mere 
creek, but seven miles of its lower course 
is a fine open estuary nearly a mile wide in 
some places. The depth of the Potomac, 
where it is joined by Piscataway r., is 72 
feet. 

Pleas.a.nt Grove, p. o., Alleghany co. 
Situate in a hilly region, 5 m. e. of Cumber- 
land, and containing a church, school-house, 
tavern, blacksmith shop, &c. ; also, a manu- 
factory of " Post-office stamps," wood types, 
proof presses, &:c. Population 80. 

Pleasantville, p. v., Harford co. Situ- 
ate on the E. side of Little Gunpowder Falls, 
about G m. w. of Bel- Air, and 20 m. n. of 
Baltimore. The location and climate have 
given origin to the name of the village — 
both are pleasant, and are said to communi- 
cate their charms to the inhabitants there- 
of. A pleasant correspondent from this 
pleasant spot, among other pleasant things, 
says: "the habitations (mostly frame ones) 
show the appearance of neatness and re- 
spectability. Saw and grist mills are doing 
profitable business, and churches and schools 
are well attended, but it would be difficult 
to give precise accounts of the population, 
as whatever course a stranger travels he 
will be impressed with the idea of a con- 
tinued village fostered by the smiles of 
intelligence and well rewarded industry." 
The letter containing the above is one of 
the very few the compiler has received 
from Maryland that does not complain of 
want of schools, bad farming, worn out 
soils, depressed manufactures and the like, 
one half of which, however, is nothing but 
the echo of the demagogism which Avould 
poison the mind against its own best inter- 
ests, and paralyze the hand intent on im- 
provements. Were a tithe of these com- 
plaints printed, the whole of Mary land would 
deny these statements in toto, and with in- 
dignation. 

Pleasant Hill, v., Charles co. Situate 
6 m. N. of Port Tobacco. 

PoKOMOKE River and Bay. The principal 
branch of Pocomoke r. ri^es in the Cypress 



Swamp, on the Delaware state line, and 
proceeds in a s. w. direction about 70 m., 
being joined successively by Naseongo cr. 
below Snow Hill, and Dividing cr. on the 
Worcester and Somerset county line ; and 
falls into Pocomoke Bay, an arm of the 
Chesapeake, which it reaches on the south- 
ern line of the state. It is a fine stream, 
and navigable for small vessels to Snow 
Hill. 

Point Lookout, St. Mary's co. Is the 
southern extremity of the Western Shore, 
and northern headland of the mouth of 
Potomac r. It is the site of a hght-house. 

PoiNT-oF-RocKS, p. v., Frederick co. Situ- 
ate on the N. side of Potomac r., and on the 
line of Chesapeake and Ohio canal and the 
Bait, and Ohio R. R., distant 70 m. w. of 
Baltimore city, 13 s. w. of Frederick city, 
and 92 n. w. of Annapolis, 

PoiNT-NO-PoiNT, St. Mary's co. A bold 
foreland projecting into Chesapeake Bay, 
about 8 m. n. of Point Lookout. 

Pomonkey, p. v., Charles co. Situate on 
the s. side of Pomonco, a creek of Potomac 
r., 13 m. n. w. of Port Tobacco, and 67 
s. w. of Annapolis. 

Poolesville, p. v., Montgomery co. Sit- 
uate in the w. part of the county, 4 m. N. 
and e. of Potomac r., 18 m. w. of Rock- 
ville, and 73 n. w. of Annapolis. 

Pool's Island, Harford co. An island of 
Chesapeake Bay, about 4 m. s. of Rickett's 
Point of Gunpowder Neck. 

Poplar Island, Talbot co. An island of 
Chesapeake Bay, and forming the s. w. 
head land of Eastern Bay. 

Poplar Springs, p. v., Howard co. Sit- 
uate on the s. side of the West Branch of 
Patapsco r., and on the turnpike, 18 m. 
N. w. of Ellicott's Mills, and 57 n. w. of 
Annapolis. 

Poplar Town, v., Worcester co. Situate 
at the head of Newport cr., 4 m. from 
Sinepuxent Bay, and 17 n. e. of Snow 
Hill. 

Port Deposit, p. v., Cecil co. Situate on 
the E. side of Susquehanna r., at the lower 
falls, 7 m. above its confluence with Chesa- 
peake Bay, 16 m. w. of Elkton, and 68 N. 
E. of Annapolis. It is a place of consider- 
able business, and has a population of" some 
300 souls. 

Porter's, p. o., Carroll co. Situate on 
the post-road, 9 m. s. s. w. of Westminster, 
and 67 n. w. of Annapolis. 

Port Republic, p. v., Calvert co. Situate 
on the post-road, 6 m. s. s. e. of Leonard- 
town, and 49 s. of Annapolis. 

Port Tobacco, co. seat and p. o., Charles 
CO. Situate at the head of the estuary of 
Port Tobacco r,, 8 m. n. of the Potomac r., 



POT 



[ 88] 



PRI 



72 m. s. s. w. of Annapolis, and 32 s. of 
"Washington, D. C. It is a depot for to- 
bacco, and hence its name. The village 
contains a court-house, the county jail, an 
Episcopal church, several stores, and about 
60 or 70 dwellings. In its vicinity are the 
celebrated cold waters of Mount Misery. 

Potomac River, "common to both Mary- 
land and Virginia," rises by two main 
branches, the n. and s. branches, near the 
Alleghany Mountains, and forms, by the n. 
branch, and through the greater part of its 
whole course, the boundary between the 
states of Virginia and Maryland. It is 550 
miles long, and at its mouth between 7 and 
8 miles wide. At Alexandria it is a mile 
and a quarter wide, 290 miles from the 
ocean. It is navigable for ships of the line 
300 miles to the navy yard at Washington. 
The greatest tributary is the Shenandoah, 
from Virginia, 200 miles long, that carries 
nearly as much water as the main stream 
which it enters. The confluence of these 
two rivers takes place shortly before the 
passage of the Potomac through the Blue 
Eidge. This passage forms a grand and pic- 



turesque scenery, to view which Mr. Jef* 
ferson pronounces worth a voyage acros 
the Atlantic. The Chesapeake and Ohio 
canal is constructed along the bank of this 
river as far as Cumberland. The Potomac 
is 42 feet deep at its mouth, 30 at St. 
George's Island, and at Alexandria 18 feet ; 
but at many places it is much deeper than 
at any of the points specified. 

Prattsville, v., Alleghany co. Situate 
on the Hancock turnpike, where it crosses 
Town cr., 14 m. e. of Cumberland. 

Prince Fredericktown, co. seat and p. c, 
Calvert co. Situate near the centre of the 
county, on the n. side of Parker's cr., 4 m. 
w. of Chesapeake Bay, 46 m. s. by w. of 
Annapolis, and 76 s. of Washington. It 
contains a court-house, the county prison, 
an Episcopal church, 2 hotels, 2 stores, 1 
smith's shop, 8 dwellings, and about 100 
inhabitants. The buildings are principally 
of wood. There is an academy within halt 
a mile of the village. The lands of the 
surrounding country have been much ex- 
hausted, but with a little industry might 
easily be redeemed. 



PRINCE GEORGE COUNTY is situate immediately north of Charles county, from 
which it is separated chiefly by Mattawoman creek of the Potomac and Swanson creek 
of the Patuxent. The Patuxent river forms its eastern and northern border in its whole 
length, separating it from Calvert, Anne Arundel and Howard counties, and the Poto- 
mac river and the District of Columbia its western border ; the former separating it from 
Virginia, while the line of Montgomery county constitutes its northwestern border. 
Within these limits the area is 314,880 acres. The surface is agreeably diversified, and 
the soil rich and exceedingly productive, being constituted of the best loam and sand, in- 
termixed with clay. The underlying strata are shell-marl, and cemented sand, resem- 
bling sandstone ; and iron ore is abundant in some sections. In the loamy districts 
clover and plaster are the most commonly used fertilizers ; in other sections guano, lime, 
ashes, bone-dust, &c., are used with success. The chief agricultural products are tobacco, 
wheat, Indian corn, and rye. White, red, black and water oak, white and yellow poplar, 
hickory, ash, pine, cedar, gum, walnut, locust and chestnut, are the timber growths most 
common to the forests. The surface of this county is amply drained by the tributaries 
of the eastern branch of the Potomac river, by the western branch of Patuxent river, 
and by Broad, Piscataway, and numerous other creeks. The county abounds with 
springs and brooks of pure water, and in many locaHties the waters are highly chalybe- 
ate. The climate is temperate, and the locality healthy, a large ratio of the population 
attaining to a good old age. 

That portion of the county bordering the Potomac was settled at an early period in 
the history of the state by emigrants under grants from its governors ; but it was not 
until the year 1695 that the county was organized. In 1790 it contained 21,344 inhabi- 
tants ; but on taking the census of 1820 its population was found to be decreased to 
20,216, and in 1840 it had undergone a further decrease, having at that time only 19,539 
inhabitants. In 1850 the population was 21,549, being a gain of only 205 in 00 years. 
Of this population, 8,901 were white persons, 1,138 free colored persons, and 11,510 slaves ; 
and of the population, slaves excluded, 9,354 were natives of Maryland, 417 of other states 
of the Union, and 268 of foreign countries. Dwellings, 1,875, and famihes, 1,875. 
Births, 575 ; marriages, 26 ; and deaths, 450. Deaf and dumb, 1 ; blind, 11 ; insane, 5 ; 
and idiotic, 20. Number of fugitive slaves in 1849-50, sixteen. 

The county contained in 1850, 885 farms, covering 191,553 acres improved, and 
92,178 acres unimproved lands — together valued at $5,565,751 ; and the value of farming 
implements and machinery was $125,656. The Hve stock consisted of 4,245 horses, 567 
asses and mules, 3,893 mUch cows, 3,072 working oxen, 4,136 other cattle, 11,650 sheep. 



PRI [ 89 ] PRI 

and 20,193 swine, valued in the aggregate at $492,650; and the products of animals 
were — 43,409 pounds of wool, 100,947 pounds of butter, 153 pounds of cheese, and ani- 
mals slaughtered, valued at $103,351. The products of the soil were — wheat, 231,687 
bushels; rye, 18,401; Indian corn, 093,020 ; oats, 67,286; barley, 43; buckwheat, 1,646; 
peas and beans, 1,004; Irish potatoes, 47,458, and sweet potatoes, 4,045 bushels; also 
hay, 5,557 tons; clover-seed, 50 bushels, and other grass-seed, 20 bushels; and hops, 25 
pounds. The products of the orchard were valued at $8,202, and of market-gardens at 
$13,281 ; and the production of beeswax and honey amounted to 250 pounds, and 
of wine to 10 gallons. Two-fifths of all the tobacco grown in the state is produced in this 
county ; the crop of 1849-50 amounted to 8,380,851 pounds. Home-made manufactures 
were valued at $1,820. 

The county has long been the seat of cotton manufactures, and has also several other 
branches of handicraft. In 1850 it contained 28 industrial establishments, in which a 
capital of $428,379 was invested; value of raw material, &c., consumed in 1849-50, 
$285,244 ; average number of hands employed, 360 males and 348 females ; average 
monthly cost of labor — male, $5,595, and female, $1,776; and value of products, 
8414,859. 

Establishments. Number. Capital. Val. of Materials. Hands. Products 

Factories, cotton 2 $208,000 $213,1262 555* $275,000 

" woolen 1 2,500 1,700 11 6,000 

Furnaces, iron 1 15,000 14,412 25 27,000 

Machine-sliops 1 65,000 5,300 45 26,000 

Mills, flour 2 33,000 33,550 11 40,294 

" grist 2 4,000 7,000 3 8,800 

" saw 1 2,200 2,500 10 7,000 

Also 2 agricultural implement factories, 1 bakery, 7 blacksmith shops, 2 boot and shoe 
factories, 3 carpenter shops, 2 clothier shops, 1 saddlery. The cotton and woolen facto- 
ries, and the flour and grist mills are driven by water-power ; the furnaces, machine 
shops and saw mills, use steam-power. 

Average wages — to a farm-hand, $9 a month with board ; to a laborer, 87 cents a day, 
or with board 62 cents ; to a carpenter, $1 25, and to a female domestic, $1 37 with 
board. Average price of board to laboring men $2 00 a week. 

The assessed value of real and personal estate in the county in 1850 was $11,711,254, 
(true valuation, $11,921,478;) and the taxes amounted to $18,283, of which $6,033 was 
state tax, $6,780 county tax, $2,800 school tax, $1,250 poor tax, and $1,400 road tax. The 
whole number of paupers supported during the year was 99 — of which 14 were receiv- 
ing relief oa the 1st June, 1850 : cost, $1,570 ; and one criminal was convicted during 
the year. 

With a scattered white population of little less than 9,000, there were in 1850 only 8 pri- 
mary and public schools in the county, with 8 teachers and 240 scholars ; and 3 academies 
and other schools, with 4 teachers and 80 pupils. The number of children that had at some 
time during the year attended school, however, was 1,343 — 706 male, and 637 female. 
The number of white " adults who canno.t read and write" wa-s 404, and of free colored 
adults, 74. But one newspaper, circulating about 500 copies weekly, is published. The 
number of hbraries owned in the county was 31, containing 13,605 volumes ; and of 
these, 28 libraries, with 13,390 volumes, were private property, the others remaining be- 
longing to 3 Sunday schools. 

Church accommodation was, in 1850, provided for 8,750 persons, in 31 church edifices, 
and the total value of church property was $37,450. The Episcopalians have 12 
churches, with accommodations for 4,200 ; the Methodists 14 churches, with accommo- 
dations for 3,050 ; the Presbyterians 1 church, for 400 ; and the Roman Catholics 4 
churches, for 1,100. 

The great thoroughfaro of Prince George county is the Washington Branch R. R., 
which traverses the northwestern part, and besides this there are several good post-roads. 
Its extensive river borders afford outlets for its products seaward. 

Upper Marlboro' is the county seat of justice, and the following are villages and post- 
offices — Aquasco, Beltsville, Bladensburgh, Brandywino, Buena Vista, Fort Washington, 
Good Luck, Horse Head, Laurel Factory, Long Oldfields, Nottingham, Piscataway, Queen 
Anne. 

• 340 females. 



PRI 



[ 90 1 



QUE 



Princess Anxe, co. seat and p. o., Som- 
erset CO. Situate on the e. side of Mano- 
kin r., near its head, 16 m. e. of Chesa- 
peake Bay, 110 m. s. s. e. of Annapohs, 
and 150 s. e. of Washington, D. C. It 
contains the county court-house, county 
prison, Ihree churches, several stores, and 
120 dwelHngs, and has a considerable trade. 
On the whole this village is one of the 
neatest and cleanest in the state. 

Principio Creek, Cecil co. A stream from 
the N. falling into the estuary of Susque- 
hanna r. 

Principio Furnace, p. v., Cecil co. Situ- 
ate on the E. side of Principio cr., 13 m. w. 
of Elkton, and 67 n. e. of Annapolis. 

Pylesville, p. v., Harford co. Situate at 
the head of Broad cr., 7 m. from Susque- 
hanna river, in the midst of a flourishing 
neighborhood, where, besides agricultural 
pursuits, many of the mechanic arts are 
successfully engaged in. The village is 2^ 



m. from the Pennsylvania State line, 16 n. 
of Bel- Air, .30 n. n. w. of Baltimore, and 58 
N. of Annapolis. It is composed of one 
flouring mill, one saw-mill, two stores, three 
workshops, and six dwellings, chiefly of 
stone covered with slate. There are several 
churches and schools within a short dis- 
tance. The celebrated Asbestos quarries 
are about half a mile distant, and 4 miles 
from the village are the extensive slate 
quarries of Peach Bottom, 

QuANTico, p. v., Somerset co. Situate on 
the N. side of Quantico cr. of Nanticoke r., 
15 m. N. of Princess Anne, and 93 s. e. of 
Annapohs. 

Quarter Run, Washington co. A tribu- 
tary of Antietam cr. from Pennsylvania. 

Queen Anne, p. v.. Prince George co. 
Situate on the w. side of Patuxent r., 10 m. 
n. e. of Upper Marlboro', and 14 m. s. w. 
of Annapohs. 



QUEEN ANNE COUNTY, situate on the Eastern Shore, is bounded N. w. and n. by 
Chester river, which separates it from Kent county ; e. and s. e. by Delaware State hne 
and Tuckahoe cr., which latter divides it from Caroline county ; s. by Wye river and 
Eastern Bay, forming also the n. boundary of Talbot county, and w. by Chesapeake Bay, 
Its superficies contains an area of 257,920 acres. Kent, a large island of the Chesapeake, 
constitutes a portion of this county, and is notable as having been the site of the first set- 
tlements within the state. 

The surface is low and level, but the middle portions of the county are more elevated, and 
from these the slope is gradual to the border rivers. Numerous creeks flow from this 
Water-shed, the largest of which is Corsica creek of Chester river. The water of the 
mainland is universally good, but on Kent Island brackish, from its proximity to the tide. 
The soil is somewhat varied, but mostly of the kind known as white-oak soil, with a red 
clay subsoil, and is well adapted to the cultivation of all grains and grasses. The lower 
portions of the county are peculiarly genial to the growth of wheat. Marl of a superior 
quahty is abundant, and extensively used as a manure. The principal forest growths are 
oaks and hickory. No rocks are found in this region ; and, with the exception of bog- 
iron ore, and some earthy pigments, none of the useful minerals exist. 

Queen Anne was erected into a county by legislative authority in 1706. Its first set- 
tlements were those made by Claiborne and his companions on Kent Island ; but it was 
not until sometime after the arrival of the " Pilgrims of St. Mary's," that the colonization 
of the mainland was commenced. In 1790, the county contained 15,463 inhabitants; but 
in 1820 it numbered only 14,952 ; and in 1840, only 12,633. In 1850, its population had 
again increased to 14,484, of which 6,936 were white persons, 3,278 free colored persons, 
and 4,270 slaves; and of the population, slaves excluded, 9,893 were natives of Maryland, 
276 of other states of the Union, and 45 of foreign countries. Dwellings, 1,864 ; and 
families, 1,864. Births in 1849-50, 434; marriages, 67; and deaths, 324. Deaf and 
dumb, 12 ; blind, 4 ; insane, 15 ; and idiotic, 7. Fugitive slaves, 16. 

The number of farms in the county on the 1st June, 1850, was 936, covering 156,926 
acres improved, and 48,603 acres unimproved lands, valued in all at $2,815,713; and the 
value of farming implements and machinery was $81,545. The live-stock consisted of 
3,455 horses, 593 mules and asses, 3,333 milch cows, 1,478 working oxen, 4,376 other 
cattle, 8,168 sheep, and 11,619 swine, valued at $339,092 ; and animal products in 1849-50 
•wei'5 — wool, 28,730 pounds; butter, 97,183 pounds; and the value of animals slaugh- 
tered was $75,909. The crops of the year had been — wheat, 173,003 bushels; rye, 
9,614; Indian corn, 697,159; oats, 59,885; barley, 77; buckwheat, 646; peas and beans, 
540; Irish potatoes, 20,959; and sweet potatoes, 3,782 bushels; also hay, 652 tons; 
clover-seed, 3 bushels, and other grass-seed, 18 bushels; hops, 134 pounds; flax, 610 
pounds ; and flax-seed, 61 bushels ; the products of the orchard were valued at $3,428, 



auE 



[ 91 J 



RID 



silk cocoons, 11 pounds; and bees- 
The value of home-made manufac- 



and of market-gardens, at $197. Wine, 57 gallons; 
wax and honey, 4,705 pounds, were also produced, 
tures was $1,820. 

The industrial pursuits of the county are limited to the local necessities, and in 1850 
were confined to 29 establishments, having only $42,060 invested capital. The value of 
raw material consumed was $G8,S70 ; average number of hands employed, 128 ; average 
monthly cost of labor, $2,167; value of annual products, $122,226. Nearly two-thhds 
of the capital invested belonged to bark, grist, and saw mills. 

Establishments. Number. Capital. Val. of material. Hands. Products. 

Blacksmiths 2 $ 250 $ 249 4 $ 1,400 

Boot and slioemakers 4 3,200 5,691 26 14.210 

Cabinet makers 1 400 830 3 2,000 

Clothiers 2 110 10 1 jcoo 

Coach makers 2 5,000 1,900 15 11,050 

Mills, bark 1 5,000 1 ,000 5 3,000 

" grist 8 17,800 .54,000 13 64,992 

" saw 3 5,500 2,700 30 1 5,200 

Saddlers, &c 1 800 400 1 800 

Wheelwrights 5 4,000 2,100 21 7,974 

Average wages — a farm-hand, with board, $8 a month ; a laborer, 37 cents, or, with 
board, 25 cents a day ; a carpenter, $1 50 a day ; a female domestic with board, $2 a 
week. Price of board for laboring men, $1 50 a week. 

The total value of real and personal estate in 1850 was $3,967,277, and the taxes as- 
sessed thereon, $35,513 — namely., $9,953 state tax; $21,056 county tax; and .$4,504 
school tax. The county supported, in 1849-50, 124 paupers, at a cost of $2,500; and the 
whole uumber of criminals convicted during the year was two. 

There were in the county on the 1st June, 1850, 30 primary and public schools, with 31 
teachers and 729 scholars, and the cost of supporting these, in 1849-50, amounted to 
$8,423, of which sum $4,504 was derived from taxation, $3,669 from the public funds, 
and $250 from other sources. No college or academies are reported in the census. The 
whole number of children having attended school within the year, was 1,045, of which 
689 were males, and 456 females. " Adults who cannot read and write," 731 white per- 
sons, and 1,541 free colored persons. Seven private libraries with 600 volumes, and one 
church library with 350 volumes, constitute the whole reserved learning of the county. 
Two newspapers are published at Centreville. 

The county had at the above date 23 churches, and church accommodation for 4,900 
persons. Value of church property, $15,800. Of these, 5 Episcopal churches had accom- 
modation for 1,400 persons; 16 Methodist churches for 3,050 persons; 1 Presbyterian 
church for 200 persons; and 1 Roman Catholic church for 250 persons. 

Centrkville is the county seat of justice ; and the following are the principal villages 
and post-offices : — Broad Creek, Church Hill, Long Marsh, Queenstown, Suddlersville, and 
Templeville. 



Queenstown, p. v., Queen Afine co. Sit- 
uate on the s. e. side of Chester r., 12 m. 
from its confluence with Chesapeake Bay 
at Love's Point, 8 m. s. w. of Centreville, 
and 26 e. of Annapohs. It is a place of 
considerable trade. 

Randallstown, p. v., Baltimore co. Sit- 
uate 3 m. N. of Patapsco r., 10 m. w. N. w. 
of Baltimore, and 40 m. n. w. of Annapolis. 

Reiiouotu, v., Somerset co. Situate on 
the s. side of Pocomoke r., 4 m. from its 
mouth, and 12 m. s. of Princess Anne. 

Reisterstown, p. v., Baltimore co. Situ- 
ate 2 m. E. of the n. branch of Patapsco r., 
on the Westminster turnpike, 16 m. n. w. 
of Baltimore city, and 46 N. w. of Anna- 
pohs. 



Relay House, Baltimore co. A station 
on Bait, and Susquehanna R. R., at a point 
where Westminster Branch R. R. diverges 
therefrom, 7 m. n. of Baltimore city. 

Relay House, Baltimore co. A station 
on Bait, and Ohio R. R., at a point where 
Washington Branch R. R. diverges there- 
from, 9 m. s. w. of Baltimore city. 

Ridge, p. o., St. Mary's co. Situate on 
the peninsula, terminating in Point Look- 
out, 23 m. E. s. E. of Leonardtown, and 98i 
s. of Annapolis. 

Ridge Hall, p. c, Baltimore co. 

RiDGEViLLE, p. v., Carroll co. Situate on 
Parr's Ridge, at the head-waters of w. 
branch of Patapsco r., flowing e., and of 
Bush cr. of Monocacy r., flowing w. The 
Bait, and Frederick turnpike passes through 



RID 



[ 92 J 



ST. M 



the village ; and the Bait, and Ohio R. R. 
a little N. of it ; distant 44 m. w. of Balti- 
more, 17 s. w. of Westminster, and 66 n. n. w. 
of Annapolis. 

RiDGEviLLE, v., Washington co. Situate 
at the \v. slope of South Mountain, 11 m. 
N. E. of Hagerstown, and 114 n. w. of Anna- 
polis. 

Ringgold, p. v., Washington co. Situate 
near the state line, about 3 m. distant from 
Leitersburgh. 

Rising-Sun, p. v., Cecil co. Situate 3 m. 
E. of Octarara cr., of the Susquehanna r., 
17 m. N. w. of Elkton, and 82 n. e. of An- 
napolis. 

Rock Creek, Anne Arundel co. A small 
cr. falling into Patapsco r., at Rock Point. 

Rock Creek, p. o., Somerset co. 

Rock Hall, p. o., Kent co. Situate on 
the \v. side of Chesapeake Bay, a short dis- 
tance s. of Swan Point, 14 m. w. s. w. of 
Chestertown, and 68 n. e. of Annapolis. 

Rockland, p. v., Cecil co. 

Rock Run, Harford co. A creek of the 
Susquehanna. 

Rock Run, p. o., Harford co. Situate at 
the mouth of Rock Run, and opposite Port 
Deposit, 14 m. e. n. e. of Bel- Air, and 67 m. 
N. of Annapolis. 

Rock Springs, p. o., Cecil co. Situate 
on the n. w. corner of the county, 27 m. 
w. N. w. of Elkton, and 67 n. of Annapolis. 

Rockville, CO. seat and p. o., Mont- 
gomery CO.. Situate on the w. side of Rock 
cr., a stream of the Potomac r., falling there- 
into at Washington, D. C, 16 m. s. of Rock- 
ville. Distant from Annapolis 56 m. w. It 
contains the usual county buildings, and 
about 60 dwellings. 

Rohrersville, p. v., Washington co. 
Situate at the base of Elk Mountain, in 
Pleasant Valley, 16 m. s. of Hagerstown, 
and 86 n. w. of Annapolis. 

RoMAN-NosE Mountain, Alleghany co. 
A short ridge of the Alleghanies, skirting 
the valley of Youghiogeny r., in the s. w. 
part of the county. Elevation above tide- 
water 3,109 feet. 

RoMNEY Marsh, Anne Arundel co. A 
marshy puuiusula on the s. side of Patapsco 
r., opposite to Baltimore. 

RossBURG, v., Prince George co. Situate 
on a creek of n. e. branch of Potomac r., 18 
m. N. w. of Upper Marlboro'. 

Rossville, p. v., Baltimore co. Situate 
about 8 m. e. of Baltimore, and 38 n. n. e. 
of Annapolis, and on the line of the Phila- 
delphia, Wilmington and Baltimore R. R. 

Rowlandsville, p. v., Cecil co. Situate 
on the w. side of Octarara cr., about 2 m. 
from its confluence with Susquehanna r., 21 
m. N. w. of Elkton, and 73 n. e. of Annapohs. 



Royal Oak, p. v., Talbot co. Situate on 
the neck of the peninsula formed by St. 
Michael's r. and Tread-Haven cr., 7 m. w. 
of Easton, and 53 e. of Annapolis. 

RuxnsBORo', v., Queen Anne co. Situate 
on the w. side of Tuckahoe or., 8 m. s. e. of 
Centreville. 

Sabillisville, p. v., Frederick co. Situ- 
ate w. of Monocacy r., 24 m. n. of Frederick, 
and 95 n. w. of Annapolis. 

St. Augustine, v., Cecil co. Situate about 
the middle of the neck of land lying be- 
tween Bohemia r. and Back cr., 10 m. s. of 
Elkton. 

St. Clement's Bay, St. Mary's co. An 
inlet of Potomac r. . 

St. Clement's Island. Situate at the 
mouth of Wicomico r., and notal^le as the 
first place touched upon by the first emigra- 
tion in 1634. 

St. Cle.ments, p. v., St. Mary's co. Situ- 
ate at the head of St. Clement's Bay, 6 m. 
w. of Leonardtowu, and 81 s. of Annapolis. 

St. George's Island, St. Mary's co. An 
island of the Potomac r., oflf the coast of this 
county at Piney Point. 

St. George's River, St. Mary's co. A 
stream flowing s. to the Potomac, which it 
enters at St. George's Island. 

St. Inigoep, p. v., St. Mary's co. Situate 
off St. Inigoes' cr., an arm of St. Mary's r., 
which it enters about 4 m. above the con- 
fluence of the latter with Potomac r., 18 m. 
s. w. of Leonardtown, and 105 s. of Annapolis. 

St. Joseph's, v., Frederick co. Situate on 
the E. side of Tom's cr., near Emmettsburg, 
21 m. N. of Frederick city. The mother- 
house of the "Sisters of St. Joseph" is lo- 
cated at this place. The community here 
numbered in 1850, 118 members — 68 sis- 
ters, 40 novices, and 10 postulants ; and the 
number of establishments in the United 
States undeV their charge was forty. In 
distant missions 237 of the sisters Avere em- 
ployed. 

St. Leonard's, p. v., Calvert co. Situate 
on the E. side of St. Leonard's cr. and be- 
tween that and Chesapeake Bay, 8 m. s. s. w. 
of Prince Frederick Town, and 56 m. s. 
of Annapolis. It contains about 30 dwell- 
ings. 

St. Martin's, p. v., Worcester co. Situ- 
ate at the tide-head of St. Martin's river, 8 
m. w. of Sinepuxent Bay, 24 m. n. n. e. of 
Snow Hill, and 131 m. s. e. of Annapolis. 

St. Martin's River, Worcester co. A 
large inlet, with a number of small conflu- 
ents rising from the e. edges of Cypress 
Swamp. The Isle of Wight divides its en- 
trance into Sinepuxent Bay into two 
channels. 



ST. M [ 93 ] ST. M 

ST. MARY'S COUNTY occupies the south-eastern portion of the Western Shore, from 
"Wicomico river of the Potomac, and from Indian creek of the Patuxent, to Cape Look- 
out, being almost insulated by the finest waters of the state. Its southern coast has seve- 
ral deep indentations, or inlets, (rivers as they are locally called,) communicating with 
Potomac river ; and the coast facing on Chesapeake Bay and Patuxent river, though less 
broken, has materially the same characteristics. The interior is well drained by creeks 
flowing into these, some of which also furnish mill power. The whole area of the county 
is 201,600 acres. The surface is usually low and level, but in the north-west somewhat 
undulating. The soil is mostly a soft mould, composed of sand, loam, and vegetable de- 
cay, and is kind and productive, though it has been much exhausted. Marl is abundant, 
and furnishes an excellent renovator, of which the farmers are now making considerable 
use. No rocks or mines worthy of mention are found in the county. 

The " Pilgrims of St. Mary's," the original founders of the colony, landed at the site of 
the future city of St. Mary's on the 27th March, 1G34, and for many years that celebrated 
city was the colonial capital. In 1790, the county contained 15,544 inhabitants ; but in 
the interval to 1820, it had decreased to 12,974 ; in the year 1840, it was found to have 
13,224 inhabitants; and in 1850, 13,G98, of which G,223 were white persons, 1,633 free 
colored persons, and 5,842 slaves ; and of the population, exclusive of slaves, 7,701 were 
natives of Maryland, 109 of other states of the Union, and 46 of foreign countries. 
Dwellings, 1,512 ; and families, 1,646. Births in 1849-50, 379 ; marriages, 54 ; and deaths, 
275. Deaf and dumb, 13; blind, 11; insane, 17; and idiotic, 21. 

In 1850, the county contained 913 farms, covering 100,206 acres improved, and 
107,652 acres unimproved lands, valued at $2,282,336; and the value of farming imple- 
ments and machinery was $70,125. The live stock consisted of 2,715 horses, 186 mules 
and asses, 2,657 milch cows, 2,652 working oxen, 4,664 other cattle, 7,399 sheep, and 
14,690 swine, valued in the aggregate at $281,263. The products of animals in 1849-50 
consisted of — wool, 19,774 pounds ; and butter, 71,950 pounds ; and the value of animals 
slaughtered was $86,107. The crops of 1849-50 consisted of— wheat, 156,369 bushels; 
rye, 486 ; Indian corn, 378,461 ; oats, 33,590 ; buckwheat, 79 ; peas and beans, 450 ; 
Irish potatoes, 9,447 ; and sweet potatoes, 7,390 bushels. Also, hay, 441 tons ; hops, 255 
pounds; flax, 1,849 pounds; and flax-seed, 76 bushels; tobacco, 1,763,882 pounds; wine, 
39 gallons; beeswax and honey, 3,994 pounds; products of the orchard valued at $6,262; 
and of the market-gardens at $50. The value of home-made goods, manufactured dur- 
ing the year, was $14,095. 

The manufactures of the county are confined to three branches, and are prosecuted in 
11 establishments. Capital invested, $38,500; value of raw material, $56,000; average 
number of hands employed — males, 22, and females, 9 ; average monthly cost of labor, 
$259 ; value of annual products, $68,312. 

Establishments. Number. Capital. Val. of Material. Hands. Val. of Prod. 

Factories, cotton 1 $10,000 $4,000 1] $7,000 

Mills, grist 9 23,000 42,000 9 49.312 

" saw 1 5,500 10,000 11 12,000 

Average wages — to a farm-hand, $5 a month with board ; to a day laborer, 37 cents, or 
25 cents with board; to a carpenter, $1 25 a day; to a female domestic, 50 cents a week 
"with board. Price of board to laboring men, $1 25 a week. 

The value of real and personal estate in the county, in 1850, was $3,972,100, and the 
taxes thereon, $21,246 ; namely— $9,504 state tax, and $11,742 county tax. The number of 
paupers supported in 1849-50 was 90, at a cost amounting to $1,931 ; and during the 
same year there was one criminal convicted. The number of paupers receiving relief on 
the 1st June, 1850, was 13. 

There were only three libraries in the county, (so says the census,) one a private library 
with 500 volumes, and two school hbraries with 2,500 volumes ; and one newspaper, the 
" St. Mary's Beacon," published at Leonardtown. The college and school statistics, re- 
ferring to June, 1850, are as follows : 

Number. Teachers. Scholars. Annual Income 

College 1 3 55 $8,000 

Academies, &c 7 11 115 2,200 

Primary and public schools 24 24 494 2,372 

The whole number that attended school during 1849-50, was 1,782, of which 921 were 



ST. M 



[94 ] 



SEN 



males and 861 females, all white persons. "Adults who cannot read and write," amounted 
to 1,855 white persons and 1,596 free colored persons. 

The county had in 1850, 21 churches, which together aiforded accommodation to 5,850 
persons: 6 Episcopal churches accommodated 1,700; 7 Methodist churches, 2,100; and 
8 Roman Catholic churches, 2,050 persons. 

Leonardtown is the county seat of justice, and the following are the principal villages 
and post-offices: — Cliaptico, Charlotte Hall, Great Mills, Milestown, Mount Olive, Oak- 
ville. Ridge, St. Clement's Bay, St. Inigoes. 



St. Mary's, v., St. Mary's co. Situate 
on the E. side of St. Mary's r., about 8 m. 
above its confluence with Potomac r., 18 m. 
s. E. of Leonardtown. The site of St. 
Mary's city, founded by the first emigrants, 
the " Pilgrims of St. Mary's," 27th March, 
1674, is a little s. of this. 

St. Mary's River, St. Mary's co. A 
large inlet of Potomac r., with which it 
unites at Cherry Point and St. George's 
Island. 

St. Michael's, p. v., Talbot co. Situate 
on the w. side of St. Michael's r., 6 m. s. of 
Eastern Bay of the Chesapeake, 12 m. w. 
of Easton, and 57 e. of Annapolis. 

St. Michael's River, Talbot co. A con- 
siderable inlet of Eastern Bay of Chesapeake 
Bay. 

St. Paul's, v., Prince George co. Situate 
about 6 m. w. of Patuxent r., on the road 
from Piscataway to Lower Marlboro', and 
16 m. s. of Upper Marlboro.' 

St. Stephen's, v., Cecil co. Situate on 
the peninsula between Sassafras r. and 
Bohemia r., 22 m. s. of Elkton. 

Salisbury, p. v., Somerset co. Situate on 
the E. side of Wicomico r., on the e. hne of 
the county, 14 m. N. n. e. of Princess Anne, 
and 95 s. e. of Annapolis. 

Saltpetre Creek, Baltimore co. A stream 
from the w. shore falling into Gunpow- 
der r. 

Sam's Creek, Frederick co. A large 
tributary of Monocacy r., forming in part 
the E. boundary of the county. 

Sam's Creek, p. o. Carroll co. Situate on 
the E. side of Sam's cr., at the crossing of 
the Frederick and Baltimore post-road, 9 m. 
w. of Westminster, and 62 n. w. of Anna- 
polis. 

Sandtown Creek, Kent Co. One of the 
head streams of Chester r. 

Sandy Hill, p. v., Worcester co. Situ- 
ate on a creek of Chincoteague Bay, in the 
s. e. part of the county, 10 m. s. of Snow 
Hill, and 124 s. e. of Annapolis. 

Sandy Hook, p. v., Harford co. Situate on 
Deer Creek, 9 m. from its confluence with 
Susquehanna r. ; 6 m. n. of Bel- Air, and 
46 N. N. w. of Annapolis. The vicinity has 
excellent farm lands, and is being improved 
rapidly ; and on the creek there is abun- 
dance of fine stone, of which the houses are 



mostly built. The place contains two 
churches and one public school. Popula- 
tion, 160. 

Sandy Point, Anne Arundel co. A 
cape of Chesapeake Bay, opposite Kent 
Island. The bay is here at its narrowest 
dimension. 

Sandy Spring, p. v., Montgomery co. 
Situate in the hilly region, two or three 
miles w. of Big Patuxent r., 10 m. n. e. of 
Rockville, and 60 w. s. w. of Annapohs. 

Sangrun, p. v., Alleghany co. 

Sassafras, p. v., Kent co. See " Head of 
Sassafras." 

Sassafras River. A large stream rising 
in Delaware, and flowing w., between Cecil 
and Kent counties, into Chesapeake Bay. 

Savage, p. v., Howard co. Situate on 
Little Patuxent r., in the s. w. corner of the 
county, 20 m. n. w. of Annapolis. There 
are extensive iron works in the vicinity. 

Savage Mills, Alleghany co. Situate near 
the confluence of Savage r., with the N. 
branch of Potomac r., 22 m. s. w. of Cum- 
berland, and 188 N. w. of Annapolis. 

Savage River, Alleghany co. A large 
stream draining the valley between Hoop- 
Pole Mountain and Great Savage Mountain, 
from both of which it derives its waters, 
and falling into the n. branch of Potomac 
r., about 2 m. w. of Lonaconing cr. Munro 
Run, Middle Fork, and Crabtree cr., are ii3 
principal affluents. The Bait, and Ohio 
R. R. takes the course of this stream to the 
junction of Crabtree cr. 

Saw Mill Run, Alleghany co. An afSu- 
ent of Potomac r., rising from the slopes of 
Evitt'sand Warrior Mountains. It joins the 
Potomac a little w. of Old Town. 

Selby's Port, p. v., Alleghany co. Situate 
on the w. side of Youghiogeny r., 3 m. be- 
low the Pennsylvania state line, 38 m. w. of 
Cumberland, and 214 w. N. w. of Annapolis. 

Seller's Point, Baltimore co. A narrow 
neck of land projecting into Baltimore har- 
bor on the E. side thereof 

Seneca Creek, Montgomery co. Rises 
in the northern highlands of this county in 
a thousand streamlets, which, uniting first 
into two and afterwards into one creek, 
flow into the Potomac r. All the western 
portion of the county is drained by this fine 
water-course. 



SEN 



[95] 



SOM 



Seneca Mills, p. o., Montgomery co. 
Situate on Seneca cr., 1 m. N. of Potomac 
r., 11 m. w. of Rockville, and 23 m. above 
Georgetown, D. C. A mill seat with 10 
or 11 inhabitants. 

Severn River, Anne Arundel co. Rises 
in several creeks a little north of the centre 
of the county, and after the union of these, 
spreads into a long and wide inlet of Chesa- 
peake Bay, into which it falls between 
Greenbury and Tallys Points, opposite 
Kent Island. Annapolis, the state capital, 
is located in a projecting headland near its 
mouth. 

Shade Mill, p. o., Alleghany co. Situ- 
ate on a branch of Youghiogeny r., about 
18 m. w. of Cumberland. 

SiiARKTowN, v., Queen Anne CO. A settle- 
ment on Kent Island. 

Sharpsburg, p. v., Washington co. Situ- 
ate not far distant from the w. bank of 
Antietam cr., 14 m. s. of Hagerstown, and 
97 N. w. of Annapolis. 

Sharp's Island, Dorchester co. Situate 
in Chesapeake Bay, s. of the confluence of 
Choptank r. A light-house has been erect- 
ed on its northern point. 

Sharptown, p. v., Somerset co. Situate 
near the s. line of Delaware, IG m. n. of 
Princess Anne, and 98 m. s. e. of Annapolis. 

Shawan, v., Baltimore co. Situate s. w. 
of Black Rock Branch of Great GunpoAvder 
Falls. 

Shawsville, p. v., Harford co. Situate 
in the n. w. part of the county, 16 m. n. w. 
of Bel-Air, and GG m. n. of Annapolis. 

Shell Town, v., Somerset co. Situate 
on the N. side of Pocomoke r., near its 
mouth, 14 m. s. of Princess Anne. 

Shrewsbury, v., Kent co. Situate about 
3 m. s. of Sassafras r., and 12 m. n. e. of 
Chestertown. 



Sideling Hill, Washington co. A ridge 
of the Alleghanies, near the w. border of 
the county. 

Sinepuxent Bay, Worcester co. A large 
sheet of water inclosed from the Atlantic 
by the sand beach called Assateague, or 
Fenwick's Island. It is navigable only for 
very small craft. 

Sinepuxent Neck, Worcester co. A long 
narrow neck of land projecting into the bay 
of the same name, almost separated from 
the main by Trap cr. and Herring cr., be- 
tween the waters of which the construction 
of a canal has been proposed. 

Slaughter Creek, Dorchester co. A 
sound separating James' and Taylor's isl- 
ands from the mainland. 

Simpson ville, p. v., Anne Arundel co., 
4 m. w. of Ellicott's Mills. 

Smithsburg, p. v., Washington co. Situ- 
ate 5 m. E. of Antietam cr., in the midst of 
a fine agricultural district, 7 m. e. of Hagers- 
town, and 102 m. n. w. of Annapolis. In 
1850 it contained 36G inhabitants — 348 
white persons, and 18 free colored persons. 

Smith's Island, Dorchester co. A long 
narrow island extending from Fog's Point 
or Cagis Strait, nearly to Tangier Island. 
Less than one half of the island is within 
the limits of Maryland. 

Smoketown, v., Washington co. Situate 
on the w. side of Antietam cr., 10 m. s. of 
Hagerstown. 

Snow Hill, pt. of entry, co. seat and 
p. o., Worcester co. Situate on the e. bank 
of Pocomoke r., 25 m. above its confluence 
with the bay of the same name, 115 m. 
s. e. of Annapolis, and 155 m. s. e. of Wash- 
ington, D. C. It contains a court-house, 
the county prison, an academy, several 
churches, and about 700 inhabitants. Ton- 
nage of the district in 1850, 9,511 tons. 



SOMERSET COUNTY, situate on the Eastern Shore, lies between Nanticoke river 
Tvhicli separates it from Dorchester, and Pocomoke river which separates it in part from 
Worcester county, and otherwise between Chesapeake Bay and the state line of Dela- 
ware. Its coasts are deeply indented with large bays and estuaries, into which several con- 
siderable rivers empty themselves. The Nanticoke traverses its whole n. w. border, and 
falls into Fishing Bay ; the Wicomico river and Monie creek also enter the same bay, but 
through a common estuary ; Manokin, Annemesix and Little Annemesix rivers further 
south enter the Chesapeake directly, and Pocomoke river, which bounds the county on 
the east, empties into the bay of the same name. All these rivers are navigable, more or 
less, and afford commercial facilities to their localities. The area of the county is 310,400 
acres. The surface is low and level, and the soils are swamp, sandy marsh and pipe-clay. 
The muck-swamp soil is remarkable for its black color, light porous texture, and the large 
quantity of vegetable matter it contains. The pipe-clay soil is almost useless for produc- 
tive purposes, in its natural state, but susceptible of improvement to a high degree. The 
light sandy soil has a coarse gritty texture. The swamp soil affords rich pasturage. In 
the low lauds the water is calcareous, and in the sandy or uplands it is pure like that of 
all silicious soils. In the latter region there are a few mineral springs. Barren Creek 
Springs, in the north corner of the county, have chalybeate, sulphur and magnesia water. 
The timber growths common to the county are white, Spanish, and post oak, swamp oak. 



SOM 



[96] 



SOU 



maple, pine, hickory, chestnut, dogwood, walnut, cedar, ash, cypress, magnolia, persim- 
mon, sassafras, beech and holly. The only useful mineral found is bog iron ore. The In- 
dian shell-banks afford large quantities of Hme for fertilizing. Sea-weed, marsh-mud, 
and tnrf, are also used for that purpose. 

The first settlers in this county were from England, and the county was erected by 
order of the governor in 16G6. In 1790 it contained 15,610 inhabitants ; in 1820, 19,579 ; 
in 1840, 19,508, and in 1850, 22,456, of which 13,385 were white persons, 3,483 free 
colored persons, and 5,588 slaves; and of the population, exclusive of slaves, 16,445 were 
natives of Jklaryland, 404 of other states of the Union, and 19 foreigners. Dwellings, 
3,158, and families, 3,158. Deaf and dumb, 34; blind, 16; insane, 19; and idiotic, 10. 

On the IstXune, 1850, there were in the county 1,318 farms, covering 127,626 acres 
improved and 146,454 acres unimproved lands, vajued at $3,140,3257 and the value of 
farming implements and machinery was $65,368. The live stock consisted of 2,367 horses, 
338 asses and mules, 3,995 milch cows, 4,074 working oxen, 6,646 other cattle, 10,477 
sheep, and 25,204 swine, together valued at $381,127; and the products of animals were — 
wool, 28,928 pounds; butter, 99,473 pounds; and animals slaughtered, $112,490 in value. 
The products of the soil consisted of — wheat, 58,248 bushels ; rye, 340 ; Indian corn, 
718,073; oats, 71,776; peas and beans, 2,380 ; Irish potatoes, 2.5,439, and sweet potatoes, 
119,994 bushels ; also hay, 7,082 tons ; hops, 25 pounds ; flax, 790 pounds, and flax-seed, 
38 bushels. The value of orchard products was $1,713, and of market-garden products, 
$634. Beeswax and honey were produced to the amount of 16,533 pounds; and home- 
made goods were manufactured to the value of $11,115. 

The whole number of industrial establishments in the county in 1850 was 90 ; the capi- 
tal invested therein,$109,600; the value of raw material, &c., $96,775; average number 
of hands employed, 194 males and 6 females ; average cost of labor, $3,276 a month ; 
value of animal products, $175,350. The nuiaber of establishments engaged in the sever- 
al manufactures were — 1 bakery, 6 blacksmith shops, 5 boat-builders' shops, 6 boot and 
shoe factories, 4 carriage factories, 2 woolen feotories, 1 hat and cap factory, 3 flouring 
mills, 28 grist mills, 31 saw mills, 2 tanneries, and 1 tin shop. The following are the de- 
lails of the principal branches : 

Brandies. Number. Capital. Val. «f material Haudt. Val. of Prod. 

Carriage factories 4 $11,500 $5,360 25 $15,420 

Woolen factories 2 2,000 ,^,300 2 3,975 

; Flour mills 3 6,000 4,400 3 5,860 

' Gristmills 28 35,000 33,057 40 41,560 

Saw mills 31 39,250 33,028 54 51,535 

Tanneries 2 2,500 1,600 .4 3,400 

Average wages — farm-hands with board, $6 a month ; day-laborers, 50 cents, or with 
b'Vird, 37 cents; carpenters, $1 a day; female domestics with board, 50 cents a week, 
Irrice of board to laboring men, $1 37 a week. 

The total value of real and personal estate in 1850, amounted to $3,303,935, (true valu- 
ation $4,1tJ29,9l9) and taxes assessed thereon $23,383, of which $8,516 was state tax, and 
$14,867 county tax. During the year 1849-50, 207 paupers were relieved at a cost of 
$3,500, ond on the 1st June of the latter year 190 remained a burden to the county. 

There is only one newspaper published in the county, and the census gives returns of 
not a single librany of any description, either private, church or school library. The num- 
ber of primary and public schools on 1st June, 1850, was 45, each with one teacher, and 
attended in the aggregate by 821 scholars ; and of academies and other schools 12, with 
13 teachers and 273 pupils. The numbers classed " Adults who cannot read and write," 
amounted to 673 white persons and 645 free colored persons. 

The number of churches, in 1850, was 57, with accommodations for 24,015 persons, and 
the value of church property was $59,400. The Baptists had 6 churches, the Episcopa- 
lians 12, the Methodists 35, and the Presbyterians 4:; the average accommodations in each 
being for 300 to 500 persons. 

Princess Anne is the county seat of justice ; and the following are the principal vil- 
lages and post-offices: — Barren Creek Springs, Bell Mount, Fork Town, Kingston, Quan- 
tico, Rock Creek, Salisbury, Sharp Town, Upper Trappe, Whitehaven. 



South Millford, p. v., Cecil co., 16 m. 
from Elkton. 

South Mountain, Washington and Fred- 
erick COS. A well-defined ridge of the 



Alleghanies, forming the boundary between 
the two counties. 

South River, Anne Arundel co. A large 
estuary or inlet of Chesapeake Bay, which 



sou 



[ 9^ ] 



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it enters at Thomas' Point, on which there 
is a light-house. 

South River, p. o., Anne Arundel co. 
Situate on the river of same name, 8 m. s. 
of Annapolis. 

Spesutie Island, Harford co. An island 
of considerable extent in Chesapeake Bay, 
about 6 m. s. of the confluence of Susque- 
hanna r., and about a mile distant from the 
E. coast of the county. 

Spry's Island, Baltimore co. A small 
island at the mouth of Gunpowder r. 

SuDLERSviLLE, p. V., Qucen Anne co. Sit- 
uate on the w. side of the upper course 
of Tuckahoe cr., 16 m. n. e. of Centreville, 
and 58 e. by N. of Annapolis. 

SuGARLOAF MOUNTAIN, Frederick co. A 
conspicuous elevation near Monocacy r., in 
the s. part of the county. It is the south- 
ern termination of the ridge called Catoctin 
Mountain, traversing in a n. and s. direc- 
tion. 

Sugar Run, Alleghany co. A tributary 
of Town cr. 

Swallow Falls, Alleghany co. These 
falls of the Youghiogeny n occur near the 
mouth of Herndorn cr., in the s. w. part of 



the county. The general elevation of the 
country in the vicinity is 2,390 feet above 
tide- water. 

Swan Creek, Harford co. A large inlet, 
with several affluent streams, situate on the 
s. E. coast of the county. 

Swan Neck, Harford co. A large pen- 
insular tract between Bush r. and Swan cr. 

Swan Point, Kent co. A head land of 
Chesapeake Bay, being the most westerly 
projection of the county. 

SwANTON, v., Alleghany co. Situate on 
the line of the Bait, and Ohio R. R., 41 m-. 
s. w. of Cumberland. Elevation 2,272 
feet above tide-water. 

SwANTowN, v., Kent co. Situate be- 
tween Swan and Saw Mill creeks of Sassa- 
fras r., 21 m. N. E. of Chester town. 

Sweet Air, p. v., Baltimore co. Situate 
in the midst of a fine country, 16 m. N. of 
Baltimore city, and 45 n. of Annapolis. 

Sykesville, p. v., Carroll co. Situate on 
the N. side of the West Branch of Patapsco 
r., and on the line of the Bait, and Ohio 
R. R., 32 m. w. of Baltimore, and distant 
15 m. s. of Westminster, and 61 N. n. w. of 
Annapolis. 



TALBOT COUNTY, situate on the Eastern Shore, and containing 215,040 acres, lies 
between Chesapeake Bay and Choptank river. Its coast towards the Chesapeake is very 
irregular, and deeply indented with inlets and estuaries, forming the land into peninsulas 
and islands. The Wye river separates it from Queen Anne county. The principal 
streams within the county are St. Michael's river, Treadhaven creek and Broad creek. 
The surface is generally low and level, and the preponderating soils are red clay and that 
called white oak, both of which are very fertile. Few rocks exist in any part, but marl- 
shell lime, swamp-muck, &c., useful as manures, are abundant. The climate is moist and 
warm, and the county is remarkable for the health and longevity of its inhat)itants. The 
natural growths are oak and yellow pine, of the best quality for ship-building ; also hick- 
ory, chestnut, locust, cedar, red and white oak, ash and poplar. The county was formed 
on the regular progression of the settlement of the state in 16G0. In 1790 it contained 
13,084 inhabitants; in 1820, 14,389; in 1840, only 12,090, and in 1850, 13,811. The de- 
crease between 1820 and 1840 occurred among the whites (1,324,) and the free colored 
(1,081,) the slaves increasing (106.) Of the population in 1850 the whites numbered 
7,084; the free colored, 2,593, and the slaves, 4,134; and, excluding slaves, 9,342 were 
natives of Maryland, 236 of other states of the Union, and 99 of foreign countries. Dwel- 
lings, 1,751, and families, 1,776. Births, 445 ; marriages, 115, and deaths, 240. Deaf 
and dumb, 10; blind, 16; insane, 9; idiotic, 11. The number of slaves manumitted 
during 1849-50 was 7, and the number of fugitives from service, 22. 

The number of farms in the county, in 1850, was 793, covering 114^109 acres improved, 
and 55,312 acres unimproved lands, valued at $3,750,845 ; and the value of farming imple- 
ments and machinery was 107,101. The live stock consisted of — 2,931 horses, 586 asses 
and mules, 3,202 milch cows, 1,567 working oxen, 4,794 other cattle, 7,869 sheep, and 
15,531 swine, valued in the aggregate at $393,855 ; and the products of animals were — 
wool, 27,416 pounds, and butter, 97,585 pounds ; and the value of animals slaughtered 
was $97,956. The crops of 1849-50 amounted— wheat, to 272,963 bushels ; rye, to 561 ; 
Indian corn, to 621,980; oats, to 15,268; barley, to 10; buckwheat, to 717; beans and 
peas, to 835; Irish potatoes, to 33,551, and sweet potatoes, to 15,366 bushels; also hay, 
663 tons ; clover-seed, 28 bushels, and other grass-seed, 35 bushels ; flax, 140 pounds, 
and flax-seed, one bushel ; the value of orchard products was $4,922, and of market-gar- 
den products, $555 ; and the product of wine was 343 gallons, and of beeswax and 
honey, 6,448 pounds. The value of homemade manufactures amounted to $2,154, 



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The county contained in 1850, 36 industrial establishments, and the capital invested in 
manufactures amounted to .?54,600 ; value of raw materials consumed, $63,460 ; average 
number of hands employed — 149 males and 31 females; average monthly cost of male 
labor, $2,819, and of female labor, $119; value of annual products, $119,050. Milling is 
the most prominent branch, and in eleven mills — 6 flour and 5 grist — one-half the manu- 
facturing capital of the county is invested. Ship-building employed 34 hands ; carriage- 
making, 19 ; agricultural implement making, 14, &c. 

Average vvages — a farm-hand with board, $7 00 a month ; a day-laborer, 37 cents, or 
with board, 25 cents; a carpenter, $1 25; a female domestic, $1 00 a week with board. 
The price of board for a laboring man, ^2 a week. 

The total value of real and personal estate in the county was, in 1850, $4,541,295, and 
the taxes thereon, $50,226, of which $11,033 was state tax, $27,844 county tax, and 
$11,349 school tax. The number of paupers relieved during the year past was 41, at a 
cost of $1,000, and of these 39 remained on the lists on 1st June, 1850; and the number 
of criminals convicted was 3, and the same were undergoing sentence at the latter 
period. 

There were in 1850 eight libraries in the county, containing 13.400 volumes, all of 
which were owned as private property ; and two newspapers were issued weekly at 
Easton. The number of j^rimary and public schools at the above date was 30, with 32 
teachers and 985 scholars, the yearly income of which was in the aggregate $11,419 ; and 
2 academies, with 5 teachers and 78 pupils — yearly income, $7,200. The whole number 
of persons attending schools in the year past was 1,114 — 602 males and 512 females. 
Of persons classed as "Adults who cannot read and write," there were 309 — 146 males 
and 163 females, all white persons, the statistics of the free colored not being stated in 
the census returns, as for most other counties. 

The statistics of churches return 28 church buildings for the county. These were 
capable of accommodating 11,720 persons, and were valued at $59,277 : one was Baptist, 
with accommodations for SO persons ; 5 Episcopal, for 1,840 ; 2 Fi'iends, for 1,050 ; 19 
Methodist, for 8,800 ; 1 Roman Catholic, for 250. 

Easton is the county seat of justice, and the following are the principal villages and 
post-ofBces — Bay Hundred, Oxford, Royal Oak, St. Michaels, Trappe, Wye Mills. 



Taneytown, p. v., Carroll co. Situate on 
the s. side of Piney cr., about 5 m. above 
its confluence with Monocacy r., and on the 
turnpike, 14 m. n. w. of Westminster, and 
71 N. w. of Annapolis. It contains several 
mills and iron works, and in 1850 its popu- 
lation was 279 — 263 white persons, and 16 
free colored persons. 

Taylor, p. v., Harford co. 

Taylor's Island, p. o., Dorchester co. 
An island of sand, near 16 m. s. w. of 
Cambridge. 

Taylor's Island, Dorchester co. An 
island of considerable size, separated from 
the main land by Slaughter's cr. 

Taylorsville, p. v., Anne Arundel co. 
Situate on the w. side of West Branch of 
Patuxent r., 4 m. n. w. of Upper Marlboro', 
and 126 s. w. of Annapolis. 

Templeville, p. v.. Queen Anne co. 
Situate near Delaware state line, 18 m. 
N. E. of Centreville, and 57 e. by n. of 
Annapolis. 

Texas, v., Baltimore co. Situate on the 
line of the Bait, and Susquehanna R. R., 13 
m. N. of Baltimore city. 

Thomas Point, Anne Arundel co. A cape 
or headland at the north of the entrance 
of South r. into Chesapeake Bay. A light- 
house is erected at this point. 



Three Sisters, Anne Arundel co. A 
cluster of islands in Chesapeake Bay, so 
called. 

TicKTON Creek, Washington co. A branch 
of Antietam cr., flowing w. from the slope 
of South Mountain. 

Tilghman's Island, Talbot co. An island 
of about 800 acres at the confluence of 
Chop tank r. Avith Chesapeake Bay. 

TiMONiuM, v., Baltimore co. Situate at 
the head of Jones' Falls, and on the line of 
the Bait, and Susquehanna R. R., 11 m. N. 
of Baltimore city. 

Tobacco Stick, p. v., Dorchester co. 
Situate on the s. side of Little Choptank r., 
10 m. s. w. of Cambridge, and 38 m. s. s. e. 
of Annapolis. 

Tom's Creek, Frederick co. One of the 
principal branches of Monocacy r. 

Tom's Run, Washington co. Rises among 
the springs of North Mountain, and flows 
into Little Conecocheague cr. 

Town Creek, Alleghany co. A long 
stream from Pennsylvania, which flows into 
the N. Branch of Potomac r., a few m. e. of 
Oldtown. 

Town Hill, Alleghany co. A ridge of 
the Alleghanies in the e. part of the 
county. 

Towsontown, p. V.J Baltimore co. Situ- 



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ate on the turnpike, 8 m. n. of Baltimore 
city, and 37 m. n. of Annapolis. 

Tracey's Lakding, p. o., Anne Arundel 
CO. Situate on a cr. of Fishing Bay, 19 m. 
s. of Annapolis. 

Tramel's Town, v., Frederick co. Situ- 
ate at the base of Catoctin Mountain, 10 m. 
s. w. of Frederick city, and about a mile 
back from Pok^raac r. 

Transquaking Creek, Dorchester co. A 
stream flowing s. into Fishing Bay. 

Trappe, v., Charles co. Situate 12 m. 
s. w. of Port Tobacco. 

Trappe, v., Kent co. Situate about 6 m. 
8. w, of Chestertown. 

Trappe, v., Somerset co. Situate on 
Wicomico cr., 6 m. n. of Princess Anne. 

Trappe, p. v., Talbot co. Situate n. of 
Choptank r., about 10 m. s. of Easton, and 

64 E. s. E. of Annapolis. 

Trappe, v., Worcester co. Situate on 
Trappe cr., a tributary of Sinepuxent Bay, 
19 m. N. N. E. of Snow Hill. 

Trappe, v. Worcester co. Situate on the 
E. side of Pocomoke r., 12 m. above its 
mouth on Pocomoke Bay. 

Treadhaven Creek, Talbot co. A large 
inlet emptying into Choptank r., from the 
N. N. E. Easton, the capital of the county, 
is located at its northern extremity. 

TRiADELPniA, p. v., Montgomery co. 
Situate on Big Patuxent r., 16 m. n. e. of 
Rockville, and 50 ra. w. n. w. of Annapolis. 

TucKAHOE Creek, Talbot co. A principal 
branch of Choptank r. 

Turtter's Gap, Washington co. A pass 
of South Mountain, 12 m. s. e. of Hagers- 
town. 

Tuscarora River, (Big and Little,) Fred- 
erick CO. A tributary of Monocacy r., from 
Catoctin Mountain. 

Union Bridge, p. v., Carroll co. Situate 
on Little Pipe cr., 11 m. w. of Westminster, 
and 67 m. n. w. of Annapolis. 

Union Meeting House, p. o., Baltimore 
CO. Situate on Great Gunpowder Falls, 31 
m. N. of Baltimore city, and 61 m. n. n. w. 
of Annapolis. 

Union Mills, p. v., Carroll co. Situate 
on Big Pipe cr., 10 m. n. of Westminster, 
and 65 n. n. w. of Annapolis. 

Uniontown, p. 0., Carroll co. Situate 
near Pipe cr., 8 m. \v. of Westminster, and 

65 m. N. N. w. of Annapolis. Population 
339, of which 17 were free colored per- 
sons. 

Unionville, p. v., Frederick co. Situate 
on a tributary of Linganore cr., 15 m. e. n. e. 
of Frederick city, and 67 n. w. of Anna- 
polis. 

Unity, p. v., Montgomery co. Situate to 



the w. of Patuxent r., 14 m. n. n. e. of 
Rockville, and 58 w. n. w. of Annapohs. 

Upperco, p. v., Baltimore co. Situate E. 
of the n. branch of Patapsco r., 21 m. n. n. w. 
of Baltimore city, and 51 n. n. w. of An- 
napolis. 

Upper Cross Roads, p. o., Harford co. 

Upper Hunting Creek, p. o., Caroline 
CO. Situate on the creek of the same name, 
3 m. above its confluence with Choptank r. ; 
and distant 13 m. s. s. w. of Denton, and 58 
e. of Annapolis. 

Upper Marlboro', co. seat and p. o., 
Prince George co. Situate on the s. side of 
the w. branch of Patapsco r., 4 m. above 
its mouth, 23 m. s. w. of Annapolis, and 17 
s. E. of Washington, D. C. It contains the 
usual county offices, and is a well-built vil- 
lage. The Marlboro' Gazette is published 
weekly, and circulates 500 copies. 

Upper Trappe, p. v., Somerset co. Si- 
tuate in the n. side of Wicomico cr., 6 m. n. 
of Princess Anne. 

Urbana, p. v., Frederick co. Situate on 
the E. side of Monocacy r., on the high 
ground between Bush and Bennett's creeks, 
7 m. s. s. E. of Frederick city, and 68 n. w. 
of Annapolis. 

Urieville, p. v., Kent co. Situate on 
the E. side of Morgan's cr. of Chester r., 6 
m. N. N. w. of Chestertown, and 60 n. e. of 
Annapolis. 

Utica Mills, p. v., Frederick co. Situate 
on Fishing cr., 10 m. n. of Frederick city, 
and 85 n. w. of Annapolis. 

Vansville, v.. Prince George co. Situate 
on the head waters of eastern branch of 
Potomac r., 22 m. n. w. of Upper Marl- 
boro'. 

Vienna, p. v., and pt. of entry, Dorchester 
CO. Situate on the w. side of Nanticoke r., 
24 m. above its confluence with Chesapeake 
Bay, 16 m. e. of Cambridge, and 79 s. e. of 
Annapolis. It enjoys considerable trade, 
the river being navigable for sea-going ves- 
sels. Tonnage of the district in 1850, 
15,478; in 1849-50, there was built 27 
schooners, of 1,533 tons aggregate bur- 
den. 

Wakefield, p. v., Carroll co. Situate 
6 m. s. w. of Westminster, and 68 N. N. vr. 
of Annapohs. 

Walkersville, p. v., Frederick co. Si- 
tuate on the E. side of Monocacy r., 6 m. 
N. N. E. of Frederick city, and 81 n. w. of 
Annapolis. 

Warfieldsburg, p. v., Carroll co. Situate 
3 m. s. of Westminster, and 56 n. n. w. of 
Annapolis. 

Warri^?, p, v., Baltimore co. Situate on 



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Warwick, p. v., Cecil co. Situate at 
the head of Little Bohemia r., 15 m. s. 
of Elkton, and 73 n. n. e. of Anna- 
poHs. 



Great Gunpowder Falls, 15 m. n. of Balti- 
more city, and 45 N. of AnnapoUs. 

Warrior Mountain, Alleghany co. A 
ridge of the AUeghanies passing through 
the eastern part of the county. . 

WASHINGTON COUNTY occupies a large and valuable tract in the western portion 
of the state, and is bounded n. by Pennsylvania state line, e. by South Mountain, s. by 
Potomac r., and w. by Sideling Hill Creek. Demarked by the vyindings of the Potomac, 
the southern boundary is exceedingly irregular, and the width of the county n. and s. 
varies in consequence from 3 to 30 miles. Within these hmits the area is 331,520 acres. 
The surface is partly mountainous and broken, but the intervals are wide and finely un- 
dulating. The principal valleys are those through which Antietam, Conecocheagne, and 
other creeks flow to Potomac river. Lime and slate are tlie chief rocks of the county. 
The most fertile lands are based on limestone, the soils formed on the slate rock being 
usually thin. These, as well as the light soils at the foot of the ridges, to which the sand- 
stone has contributed silicious particles, are susceptible of high improvement by lime, 
which has been extensively used. Iron ore is deposited in some parts. The springs in 
this county are of calcareous, sulphureous, chalybeate, and soft mountain water. The 
natural timbers consist of oaks of various species, hickory, walnut, locust, elm, cherry, 
chestnut, sycamore, maple, and some pine, of which large tracts still exist. As an agricul- 
tural county no portion of the state is its superior, and it has many advantages for manu- 
factures and internal commerce. For grazing it is pre-eminently well adapted, its rich 
grasses affording nutritious food for large herds of cattle and horses. 

Washington county was organized by the Convention of 1776, and was named after 
the great leader of the American armies, whose fame was then in the dawn of its bril- 
liancy. Its territory was taken from Frederick county. The first grant of land in this 
county is dated 1732, and the original settlers were Germans from Pennsylvania, and 
emigrants from the eastern counties of Maryland. In 1790 it contained 15,822 inhabi- 
tants; in 1820, 23,075; in 1840, 28,850; and in 1850, 30,848, of which 26,930 were 
white persons, 1,828 free colored persons, and 2,090 slaves ; and of the population, exclu- 
sive of slaves, 24,516 were natives of Maryland, 3,188 of other parts of the Union, and 
1,054 of foreign countries. Dwellings, 5,052; and families, 5,182. Births in 1849-50, 
943; marriages, 201 ; and deaths, 362. Deaf and dumb, 4; blind, 17; insane, 34; and 
idiotic, 26. Slaves, fugitive, 15. 

The county contained in 1850, 1,292 farms, covering 159,851 acres improved and 
60,878 acres unimproved lands, valued at $8,419,596 ; and the value of farming imple- 
ments and machinery was $182,346. The amount of live stock on the 1st June, 1850, 
was — horses, 6,166; asses and mules, 4; milch cows, 5,8.35 ; working oxen, 12; other 
cattle, 7,224 ; sheep, 9,736 ; and swine, 24,345, valued at $568,680 ; and the products of 
animals in 1849-50 were — wool, 35,601 pounds ; butter, 341,798 pounds ; and the value oi 
animals slaughtered, $141,736. The products of the soil for the same year consisted of— 
wheat, 809,093 bushels ; rye, 32,940 ; Indian corn, 368,056 ; oats, 102,869 ; barley, 82 ; 

buckwheat, 239 ; peas and beans, ; Irish potatoes, 22,460, and sweet potatoes, 48 

bushels; also hay, 14,860 tons; clover-seed, 1,988 bushels; and other grass-seed, 679 
bushels ; hops, 29 pounds ; flax-seed, 3 bushels ; orchard products in value, $8,217 ; wine, 
5 gallons ; market-garden products in value, $100 ; and the amount of beeswax ancs 
honey collected was 244 pounds. 

The number of industrial establishments in the county was, in 1850, 169 ; and the 
amount of capital invested therein, $726,378 ; value of raw material consumed in 1849-50, 
$1,283,675; average number of hands employed — males, 642, and females, 88; average 
monthly cost of male labor, $12,441, and of female labor, $558 ; value of annual products, 
$1,859,993. The principal branches and the statistics of each, as furnished in the census 
of 1850, are as follows : 

Branches. Number. Capital. Val. of Material. Hands. Va]. of Products. 

Distilleries 6 $15.000 S2.'),649 9 $32,520 

Factories— file 1 25.000 17,000 20 30,000 

" nail 1 15,000 24,000 24 47,000 

" woolen 3 12,500 4,755 25 14,675 

Forges 1 5,000 19,000 19 26,000 

Furnaces 2 58,000 40,000 85 80,.500 

Foundries 2 31,000 12,610 33 30,000 

Mills— flour 59 405,600 1,002,888 108 1,309,415 

" rolling 1 25,000 21,600 9 25,000 

Tanneries 18 58,800 59,658 49 96,985 



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also 4 agricultural implement factories, 2 bakeries, 1 blacksmithery, 1 boat-building shop, 
11 boot and shoe shops, 2 breweries, 1 brick kiln, 5 cabinet-shops, 1 chandlery, 2 clothier 
shops, 2 carriage factories, 9 coopers, 1 iron mine, 1 pottery, 2 glove factories, 3 hat and 
cap factories, 2 hme kilns, 9 printing offices, 3 saw mills, 3 stone-cutting shops, and 4 tin 
shops. Steam power is used only in the foundries and distilleries : in all others, except 
handicrafts, water is the moving power. 

Average wages — a farm-hand, with board, $11 a month ; a day-laborer, 75 cents, or 
with board, 56 cents; a carpenter, $1 a day; a female domestic with board, 75 cents 
a vv^eek. Price of board to laboring men, $2 a week. 

The value of real and personal estate, in 1850, was $11,499,231 : and the taxes thereon, 
$57,758, of which amount $29,051 was state tax, $27,507 county tax, and $1,200 school 
tax. The number of paupers receiving relief from the public funds on the 1st June, 1850, 
was 242 ; and the number relieved during the year past was 268, at a cost amounting to 
$6,436 ; and the number of criminals convicted was 29 : and of these jive were still in 
prison on the 1st of June, 1850. 

The whole number of libraries owned in this county, in 1850, was 30, containing in the 
aggregate 16,779 volumes: of which 2 public libraries contained 600 volumes; 15 private 
libraries, 7,800 ; 12 Sunday-school libraries, 3,379 ; 1 college library, 5,000. Nine news- 
papers were issued weekly at the same period, 7 of which were published at Hagerstown, 
one at Boonsboro', and one at Clear Spring. At the same time there were 83 primary and 
public schools, with 83 teachers and 3,435 scholars, with a total annual income of 
$16,790 ; 5 academies and other schools, with 5 teachers and 122 pupils, with an income 
of $425; and 1 college, with 12 teachers and 85 students, with an income of $19,239 a 
year. The whole number attending schools during the year past had been 4,258, of 
which 2,371 were males and 1,887 females; and the number classed as "Adults who 
cannot read and write," was 1,317 — namely, 892 white persons — 307 males and 585 
females, and 425 free colored persons — 183 males and 242 females : of the total of this 
class 44 were foreigners. 

There were at the period above named 63 churches in the county with accommo- 
dations for 28,200 persons; and the value of church property was $116,550 ; of these two 
were Baptist, with accommodation for 800 ; 7 Episcopal, for 2,575 ; 6 German Reformed, 
for 3,100; 13 Lutheran, for 7,000 ; 16 Methodist, for 6,325; 2 Presbyterian, for 1,300 
2 Roman Catholic, for 1,150; 2 Union or Free Church, for 500; 6 Moravian, for 2,500 
4 Mennonite, for 850; and 3 Tunker, for 2,100 persons. 

The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal passes through the county in a line nearly with the 
course of the Potomac river, and there are several thoroughfares by state and county 
turnpikes. The Franklin R. R. extends from Hagerstown into Pennsylvania, and connects 
with the great lines of that state. Stage roads are numerous, and travel easy and cheap 
to all the principal villages. 

Hagerstown is the county seat of justice, and the following are the principal villages 
and post-offices : — Bakersville, Beaver Creek, Benevola, Boonsboro,' Brownsville, Cave- 
towu, Chewsville, Clear Spring, Conecocheague, College of St. James, Fairview, Funks- 
town, Hancock, Keedysville, Lappon's Cross Roads, Leitersburg, Park Head, Ringgold, 
Eohrersville, Sharpsburgh, Smithsburg, Williamsport. 



Washington Mines, Alleghany co. Si- 
tuate 3 m. s. E. of Frostburg and 8 m. w. of 
Cumberland, with which they communicate 
by the Eckart R. R. 

Washingtonville, {formerly Washington 
Factory,) p. v., Baltimore co. Situate on the 
w. side of Jones' Falls, and on the line of the 
Bait, and Susquehanna R. R., 6 m. N. of Balti- 
more city, and 36 n. of Annapolis. 

Waterloo, v., Howard co. Situate e. of 
Little Patuxent r., and 10 m. s. w. of EUi- 
cott's Mills. 

Watkin's Point, Somerset co. The ex- 
treme s. w, cape of the mainland of the 
Eastern Shore in Maryland. 

Wefsesbcrgh, p. v., Baltimore co. Situ- 
ate on Great Gunpowder Falls, 26 m. n. of 



Baltimore city, and 55 m. N. of Annapolis. 
The Bait, and Susquehanna R. R. passes it 
on the E. 

Wellersburg, p. v., Alleghany co. Situ- 
ate on the N. fork of Jennings' Run, and on 
the line of the Somerset plank turnpike, 10 
m. N. w. of Cumberland, and 176 m. w. n. w. 
of Annapolis. 

Westerman's Mills, p. o., Baltimore co. 
Situate on Black Rock cr., 18 m. n. of Bal- 
timore cit}'^, by the Bait, and Susquehanna 
Rail-road, and 48 m. N. of Annapolis. 

A\''estern Port, p. v., Alleghany co. Situ- 
ate on George's cr., near its junction with 
the N. Branch of Potomac r. The state road 
from Cumberland passes through it, and on 
the opposite bank of the Potomac is Pied- 



WES 



[102] 



WOO 



mont, a station on the line of the Bait, and 
Ohio R. R. Distant 26 m. s. w. of Cumber- 
land, and 192 m. w. n. w. of Annapolis. 

Westminster, go. seat and p. o., Carroll 
CO. Situate on a plateau of Parr's Ridge, 
about the centre of the county, and near 
the head Avaters of Monocacy cr. and the 
north branch of Patapsco r., 58 m. n. w. of 
Annapolis, and G8 m. n. n. e. of Washing- 
ton, D. C. It contains the court-house, 
the county prison, and other public offices ; 
also several churches ; and, in 1850 had 
835 inhabitants — 784 white persons, and 51 
free colored persons. Two weekly papers, 
one whig and one democratic in politics, 
are published here. Turnpikes and other 
roads lead hence to all parts ; and the 
Westminster Branch of the Bait, and Sus- 
quehanna R. R. diverging from that road 
at the Relay House, 7 m. n. of Baltimore, is 
complete to Owing's Mills, a distance of 
17 m. 

West River, Anne Arundel co. A large 
estuary of Chesapeake Bay, situate immedi- 
ately south and west of South river. 

Wetheredville. p. v., Baltimore co. Situ- 
ate on Gwinn's Falls, 4.i m. w. N. w. of 
Baltimore. It contains 1 church, 1 school, 
several stores, and about 100 dwellings, 
chiefly of stone. The village is 300 feet 
above tide, with a fall within its limits of 
90 feet, which affords immense water power. 
The mills of Wethered Brothers, celebrated 
for their fine cassimeres, are located here, 
and there are also several mills producing 
coarse cotton cloth. Both up and down 
the stream there are large numbers of flour- 
ing and other mills. The surrounding country 
is undulating, and the soil of good quality. 
Population of the neighborhood, about 700. 

Weverton, p. v., Frederick co. Situate 
at the foot of South Mountain, in the ex- 
treme s. w. corner of the county, and on the 
E. side of Israel cr., where that stream joins 
the Potomac. The Chesapeake and Ohio 
Canal and the Bait, and Ohio R. R. pass 
through the village, 80 m. w. of Baltimore. 
Weverton is distant 20 m. s. w. of Frederick 
city, and 73 m. n. w. of Annapolis. 

Whaleysville, p. v., Worcester co. Situ- 
ate on Pocomoke r., 11m. further up than 
Snow Hill, and distant from Annapolis 115 
m. s. E. 

Whitehall, p. v., Baltimore co. Situate 
about 3 m. n. of Baltimore city, and 31 m. 
N. of Annapolis. 

White Haven, p. v., Somerset co. Situ- 
ate on the w. bank of Wicomico r., 13 m. 
above its confluence with Fishing Bay, 8 m. 
N. w. of Princess Anne, and 103 s. e. of An- 
napolis. It has some trade. 

Wicomico River, Somerset co. A navi- 



gable stream from the Eastern Shore, con^ 
fluent with Chesapeake Bay through Fish- 
ing Bay. Vessels of considerable burden 
pass up to White Haven. 

Wicomico River, Charles co. A fine 
stream, an affluent of Potomac r., from the 
N. In its upper end it receives several large 
creeks, and forms the line of division be- 
tween Charles and St. Mary's counties. 

Williams', Baltimore co. A station on 
the Westminster Branch R. R , 12 m. n. of 
Baltimore city. 

Williamsburg, v., Talbot co. Situate 6 
m. N. E. of Easton. 

Williamsport, p. v., Washington co. 
Situate on the e. side of Potomac r., and at 
the mouth of Conecocheague cr., 6 m. s. w. 
of Hagerstown, and 107 w. N. w. of An- 
napolis. It is the depot of an extensive 
fertile region, and has excellent shipping 
facilities. The Chesapeake and Ohio canal 
passes through the town. Population 
about 450. 

Wills' Creek, Alleghany co. A fine 
stream, rising on the e. slope of Great Sav- 
age Mountain in Pennsylvania, whence its 
course is first K, then e., then n- e., then 
again e., to the junction of Little Wills' cr., 
whence it has a somewhat winding course 
southward to Potomac r., which it reaches 
at Cumberland. Numerous large runs 
contribute to its volume of water, and ren- 
der it a most efficient mill stream. 

Wills' Mountain, Alleghany co. A 
ridge of the AHeghanies, immediately w. of 
Cumberland. 

WiNFiELD, p. v., Carroll co. Situate at 
the head of Sam's creek, 10 m. s. w. of 
Westminster, and 59 n. n. w. of Annapolis. 

Winston, p. v., Alleghany co. 

Winter's Run, Harford co. An affluent 
of Bush r. from the N. 

W^olfsville, p. v., Frederick co., 10 m. 
from Middletown. 

Woodbine, v., Carroll co. Situate on the 
N. side of the West Branch of Patapsco r., 
and on the line of the Bait, and Ohio R. R., 
38 m. w. of Baltimore, 18 m. s. of West- 
minster, and 60 n. n. w. of Annapolis. 

Woodbury, v.. Baltimore co. Situate on 
the w. side of Jones' Falls, and on the line 
of the Bait, and Susquehanna R. R., 3 m. 
N. of Baltimore city, and 33 n. of Annapo- 
lis. 

Wood Lawn, p. o., Cecil co. Situate on 
the old Baltimore and Philadelphia stage 
road, 3 m. e. of Port Deposit, 14 m. w. of 
Elkton, and 67 N. e. of^ Annapolis. The 
vicinity is highly cultivated, and furnishes 
cattle and wheat for market. Granite of 
the finest texture is extensively quarried, 
and is used for ordinary building purposes. 



woo [ 103 ] W O R 

The Chesapeake fisheries also engage the 1 Frederick city, and 87 n. w. of Annapolis* 

attention of the inhabitants. Population, Woodstock, p. v., Howard co. Situate 

130. I on the s. side of Patapsco r., and on the 

WooDSBORo', p. v., Frederick co. Situate line of the Bait, and Ohio R. R., 25 m. w. 

about a mile e. of Monocacy r., 12 m. N. of I of Baltimore city, and 43 N. w. of AnnapoUs. 

"WORCESTER COUNTY occupies a tract of 394,240 acres, situate on the Eastern 
Shore, extending along the Atlantic from Delaware to Virginia, the state lines of which 
form respectively its northern and southern boundaries, and on the west its boundary is 
Dividing creek of Pocomoke river and Somerset county. This is one of the largest coun- 
ties of the state, but it contains much waste land unfit for agricultural purposes. The 
Cypress Swamp in the north occupies a large area, and is the source of many streams. 
Pocomoke river, the largest stream in the county, has its head waters in this region, 
whence it flows southward to the Chesapeake through Pocomoke Bay, receiving in its 
course the whole drainage of the middle portions of the county. The Atlantic coast is a 
long narrow sand beach, inclosing an extensive shallow bay which separates it from the 
main land, and is accessible only to small craft. The surface is everywhere low and level, 
and the soils various. Black gum swamps frequently occur. The prevailing soils, however, 
are constituted of white and red clay and Ught sand. No rocks worthy of mention are 
found, and the only available mineral is iron ore, which exists, however, in no great quan- 
tity. The waters are generally good, though sometimes impregnated with lime, and some- 
times they are chalybeate. White, black, and red oak, beech, maple, gum, pine, poplar 
and cypress are the prevailing timber growths. 

Worcester county was settled in the course of the 17th century chiefly by immigrants 
of England and Scotland, and was organized in 1672, On the adjustment of the boundary 
controversy with Pennsylvania, a large portion of the original county was found to be 
within the jurisdiction of that proprietary, and now hes within Delaware. The organiza- 
tion of the county with its present limits took place in 1742. In 1790, it contained 11,G40 
inhabitants; in 1820, 17,421; in 1840, 18,377, and in 1850, 18,859, of which 12,401 
were white persons, 3,014 free colored persons, and 3,444 slaves ; and of the population 
exclusive of slaves, 14,604 were natives of Maryland, 703 of other portions of the Union, 
and 108 of foreign countries. Dwellings 2,884, and famiUes, 2,885. Deaf and dumb, 8; 
blind, 12 ; insane, — ; and idiotic, 28. 

There were in the county in 1850, 1,318 farms, covering 124,947 acres improved and 
142,819 unimproved lands, valued at $2,421,855; and the value of farming implements and 
machinery was $64,126. The live stock consisted of 2,449 horses, 363 asses and mules, 
336 milch cows, 2,827 working oxen, 6,786 other cattle, 10,911 sheep, and 19,911 swine, 
valued in the aggregate at $294,379 ; and the amount of animal products for 1849-50, 
was — wool, 25,134 pounds ; and Isutter, 68,039 pounds ; and the value of animals slaugh- 
tered was $101,221. The products of the soil embraced — wheat, 17,119 bushels; rye, o8 ; 
Indian corn, 721,768; oats, 87,798; buckwheat, 36; peas and beans, 1,590; Irish po- 
tatoes, 35,403; and sweet potatoes, 26,401; also hay, 13,800 tons; flax, 15,688 pounds; 
and flax-seed 896 bushels. The value of orchard products was $2,877, and of market- 
garden products, $25. Two pounds weight of silk cocoons, and 9,416 pounds beeswax and 
honey were also produced. The value of homemade goods manufactured in the year 
amounted to $22,218. 

Milling and iron making arc the prominent industrial pursuits, and in 1850, employed 
six-sevenths of the capital invested in manufactures. The whole number of establishments 
was 45, and the total capital invested, $69,850 ; value of raw materials consumed $33,176; 
average number of hands employed, 89 ; average monthly cost of labor, $1,110; value of 
annual products, $65,961. The establishments consisted of 2 blacksmiths' shops, 3 boot 
and shoe shops, 3 carriage factories, 1 furnace, (capital $20,000,) 17 grist mills, (capital 
$4,000,) 17 saw mills, (capital $34,850,) and 2 tanneries. Water is the only power used 
in the county. 

Average wages — a farm-hand with board $6 a month ; a day-laborer 55 cents, or with 
board 45 cents ; a carpenter ^1 25 a day ; a female domestic with board 50 cents a week. 
Price of board to laboring men $1 50 a week. 

The value of all real and personal estate in the county in 1850 was $3,523,009, and the 
amount of taxation thereon, $14,393, of which $8,810 was state tax, $3,718 county tax, 
and $1,865 school tax. The number of paupers receiving public relief on the 1st June, 
1850, was 23; and the whole number relieved during the past year had been 39, at a cost 
of $1,955. • 



WYE 



[104] 



ZIO 



The county in 1850, had 54 primary and public schools, with 54 teachers and 1,719 
scholars, which cost for the year past S5,303; and 5 academies and other schools, 
with 7 teachers and 200 pupils, costing S2,880. The whole number of scholars attending 
schools in the year had been 2,075. Only one newspaper is published in the county. 
"Adults who cannot read and write" numbered 2,704, of which 1,678 were white per- 
sons— 725 males and 953 females, and 1,026 were free colored persons— 523 males and 
603 females. 

There were 60 church buildings in the county capable of accommodating 14,000 per- 
sons, and valued at $26,385 : 5 Baptist churches had accommodations for 1,250; 8 Epis- 
copal for 1,900; 47 Methodist for 9,350; 6 Presbyterian for 1,600 persons. 

Snow Hill is the county seat of justice ; and the following are villages and post-offices : 
—Berlin, Derrickson's Cross Roads, Newark, Newtown, Saint Martin's, Sandy Hill, 
Whaleysville. 



Wye Mills, p. v., Talbot co. Situate on 
the Wye r., 10 m. n. of Easton, and 31 e. 
by s. of Annapolis. 

Wye River. A stream from the Eastern 
Shore, falling into Eastern Bay of the 
Chesapeake. 

YouGH Glades, p. v.. Alleghany co., 53 
m. s. w. of Cumberland, and 219 w. N. w. 
of Annapolis. 



YouGHiOGENY RivEE, Alleghany co. A 
large and fine stream from Virginia, traver- 
sing this county from s. to n. It falls into 
Monongahela r., 18 m. s. e. of Pittsburg, 
Pa. 

Young's Mines, Alleghany co. Situate 
near Frostburg, 10 m. w. of Cumberland. 

ZioN, p. v., Cecil CO. 



1 



GENERAL ACCOUNT 

OP THE 

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 



The District of Columbia, the seat of the G-overnment of the United States, originally 
occupied a square of ten miles, on both sides of Potomac Eiver, and comprised portions 
of Virginia and Maryland, ceded to the United States for the use of the same Govern- 
ment. In 1846, however, that portion of the territory south of the river was retroceded 
to Virginia, and hence the present territory hes altogether on its north bank. 

The Maryland act of cession was passed on the 23d December, 1788, and that of 
Virginia on the 3d December, 1789. Subsequent acts were passed by these states, con- 
firming the location. 

This District was estabhshed in pursuance of a clause of the Constitution of 1789, 
(Sect. VIII. — 17,) which declares that Congress shall have power " to exercise exclusive 
legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over such district, (not exceeding ten miles square,) 
as may by cession of particular states, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat 
of the Government of the United States;" and further, in pursuance of an Act of Con- 
gress, approved 16th July, 1790, which declared "that a district of territory, not exceeding 
ten miles square, to be located as hereafter directed, on the River Potomac, at some space 
between the mouths of the Eastern Branch and Conecocheague, be, and the same is 
hereby accepted, for the permanent seat of the Government of the United States ; and 
that the President be authorized to appoint three Commissioners to survey, and by proper 
metes and bounds define and limit, a district of territory under the hmitations above 
mentioned." 

By a proclamation of the President, dated 30th March, 1791, the following were de- 
fined as the boundaries of the territory: "Beginning at Jones' Point, being the upper 
cape of Hunting Creek, in Virginia, and at an angle of 45 degrees west of the north, 
and running in a direct line ten miles for the first hne ; then beginning again at the 
same Jones' Point, and running another direct line, at a right angle with the first, across 
the Potomac, ten miles, for the second line ; then from the terminations of the said first 
and second Unes, running two other direct Unes of ten miles each, the one crossing the 
Eastern Branch and the other the Potomac, and meeting each other in a point." The 
diagonal lines of this square run north and south, east and west, and, consequently, its 
angles are formed at the cardinal points. 

Situated in the neighborhood of the primitive ledge, which divides the alluvial region 
from the hilly country westward, the District partakes of the geological characteristics of 
the two regions. Rock Creek, and its immediate vicinity, is the line between the two ; 
from Rock Creek, up the Potomac, the borders of the stream are formed of rock, with 
the exception of a few small pieces of alluvial here and there in the valley of the river. 
For twenty or more miles the same formation prevails, when the country changes to old 
red sandstone, which continues twenty or twenty-five miles further up the river, with 
occasional ridges of brescia or pudding-stone ; and marble shows itself in various places 
along the valley, above and below the Monocacy. About a mile, however, east of the en- 
trance of Rock Creek into the Potomac, on the southern point of the city of "Washington, 
the final termination of the primitive rocks that hne the bed and banks of the Potomac 
above, is evidenced. In digging wells beyond this point, rock or stones seldom obtrude, 
and alluvial everywhere prevails. In the primitive formation gneiss abounds, and is suc- 
ceeded by the amphibolic rock, or grunstein. The gneiss contains small crystallized tubes 
of magnetic iron, veins of felspar and quartz, of an opake white color. The rock of the 
Great Falls of the Potomac consists chiefly of micaceous schist, and contains grains of iron, 
which attract the needle. 



106 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 

The stone with which the basins of the Potomac Canal are hned, is a species of sand- 
stone similar to the sandstone of coal-beds. The rock employed to form the foundation or 
base of the houses of the District is a species of gneiss, composed of felspar, quartz and 
mica, of a leafy texture, owing to the abundance and disposition of the mica. It con- 
tains primitive sulphurous iron, and also particles of the same metal. At Fort Washing- 
ton there is a ferruginous clay, known by the name of bol, which is employed to dye 
cloth and thread of a red color. This substance, when heated, attracts the magnet. The 
moulds of petrified shells, of the genus area, weighing several pounds, have been dug up 
at this place. The material of the soil in the District is clay, discolored by the oxide of 
iron, which becomes fixed by fire ; and, on the whole, no other locaUty can boast of 
greater facilities for brick-making. 

The botany of the District is rich in many of the most beautiful and useful of vege- 
table productions. It embraces all the most valuable timbers for cabinet and building 
purposes due to the latitude : the plantain, buttonwood, dogwood, alder, sumac, oaks 
of several species, pines, black-haw, sassafras, laurel, mountain ash, cinquefoil, linden, 
locust, chesnut, and numerous others, which flourish on the hills or vales of this delight- 
ful region; and among its shrubs and flowering plants are found many valued for their 
medicinal properties : as the snake-root, lobeha, strammonium, hellebore, sassafras, senna, 
(cassia marUandka,) horehound, fox-glove, &c. ; and manj'^ prized for the beauty of their 
flowers or magnificent growths. Fruit-trees and vines abound ; and all the esculent 
vegetables known to the household are grown in profusion. No markets are better sup- 
plied with vegetables than those of the cities of the District. 

The animals of the District are, of course, the same as those inhabiting the neighboring 
portions of Maryland and Virginia ; and, for the most part, have disappeared from their 
former haunts. The bear, wolf, raccoon, and some others, are still occasionally seen in 
the less frequented sections.! The fisheries of the Potomac, embrace a great variety 
of the finny tribes, which the splash of the steamer has_ not yet driven to other 
regions. 

There is no place in the United States where shad is more plentiful, or of better 
quahty, than that caught in the Potomac. From 300 to 400 fish are usually taken at one 
draught, and a large quantity of herrings. In the distance of about a hundred miles 
above and below Washington four hundred thousand barrels of herrings are annually 
taken, of which a considerable quantity are cured and exported, chiefly from Baltimore. 
The law protects these fisheries, and under no circumstances is it allowed to destroy the 
young fish. 

The District of Columbia, as now demarked, contains only one county, that of Wash- 
ington ; and in this are comprised the cities of Washington and Georgetown, and what 
are denominated the country parts. The statistical condition of this county, &c., in 1850, 
as exhibited in the census of that year, is as follows: 

Divisions. Dwellings. Families. Population. Farms. Manufactories. 

Washingtaa City, Ist Ward 940 991 5,543 — 10 

" 2d " 1.057 1,168 6,934 — 73 

" 3d *' 982 982 5,908 5 116 

" 4th " 1,216 1,216 8,780 — 101 

" 5th " 716 769 4,137 4 21 

" 6th " 645 661 3,714 20 17 

" 7th " 789 892 4,985 — 18 

Total 6,345 6,679 40,001 29 356 

Georgetown, N. W. part 461 482 3,343 6 9 

Otherparts 713 733 5,017 3 50 

Total 1,174 1,215 8,366 9 59 

Country— E. of Turnpike 222 222 1,956 130 — 

" W. " 176 176 1,364 96 12 

Total 398 398 3,320 226 12 



Grand Total 7,917 8,292 51,687 264 427 

_ The following exhibits the caste and sexes of the population in the several civil 
divisions : 



GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 



107 



Cnrii. 
Divisions 



White 

Persons. 



COLOBED PeMONS. 



Free. 



Washington 



Male. Feinale. Total 
1st Ward.. 1,609... 1,893... 3, 502 



2d 
..3d 
..4th 
..5th 
.-6th 
..7th 



Male. 
746.. 
603.. 



Female. 

-1,044. 



.1,790... 90. 
..2,432. ..2,599. ..5,031... 603..- '938. . .1,541 .. .107.. 
..2,345. ..2,401. -.4,746... 353... 528... 881... 83., 
..3,491. ..3,409. ..6,900... 547... 78S.. .1,335.. .201.. 
..1.262. ..1,458. ..2,720... 491... 668.. .1,159.. . 90.. 
.1,664. ..1,746. ..3,410... 73... 69... 142... 62. 



.. 1,775. .-l,731---3,506... 549--. 676. .-1,225. .-100. 



Slave. 

Total. Male. Female. 
161. 
255. 
198. 
344. 
168- 
100. 
154- 



Total. 
-.251. 
..362. 
..281. 
..545. 
-.258. 
..162. 
.-254. 



Aff'te. 

POPUL. 

.-5,.543 
--6,934 
..5,908 
..8,780 
..4,137 
..3,174 
.-4,985 



Total 14,578. .15,237. ..29,815. .3,362. ..4,711. ..8,073... 733.. .1,380.. 2,113.. 40,001 



Georgetown, N.W. pan.. 1,225... 1,364 2,589... 180--. 

" other pans. ..1,679. ..1,813 3,492... 487... 



252... 432. ..119... 
641. ..1,128. ..123... 



209. ..328.. 
274. -.397.. 



.3,349 
.5,017 



Total. 



.2,904--. 3,177 6,081--- 667... 893. ..1,560. ..242... 483. ..725. ..8,366 



Country, east of Turnpike. 582... 596 1,178... 121... 111... 232. ..294... 252. ..546. ..1,956 

« west " 484... 469 953... 60... 48... 108.. -1.53.. . 150.. .303.. .1,364 

Total 1,066. ..1,065 2,131... 181... 159... 340. ..447... 402. ..849. ..3,320 

Grand total 18,548.-19,479.. .38,027... 4,210- -.5,763... 9,973.. 1,422.. 2,265.. 3,687.. 51,687 

DECENNIAL MOTEMENT OF POPULATION. 



Date of 

Census, 



Whitb 

Persons. 



Colored Pebsons. 



1800. 
1810. 
1820. 
1830. 
1840. 
1850. 



Total 
Population. 
...14,093 



Free. Slave. 

10,066 783 3,244 

16,079 2,849 5,395 24,023 

22,614 4,048 6,077 33,039 

27,563 6,152 6,119 39,834 

30,657 8,361 4,694 43,712 

38,027 9,973... 3,687 51,687 



or if the County of Alexandria be included in the returns for 1850 — and such, for compari- 
son with former returns, will be necessary — the figures are as follows : 

45,240 11 ,386 5,069 61,695 

The number of persons in the district suffering from physical infirmities was, in 1850, as 
follows : 

Colored Persons. 

White " — > 

Persons. Free. Slaves. Total 

, ' > , V , , of all 

Infirmities. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Classes. 

.21 
23 
22 
11 

77 

The employments of the District embrace almost every branch of national industry. 
Agriculture is in a flourishing condition, and although chiefly devoted to the production oi 
city market staples, yet furnishes also large supplies of wheat and other grains, with cattle, 
sheep, &c. The quantity of improved laud is 17,083 acres, and the total value of fiirniing 
implements and machinery, in 1850, was $40,220. The value of live stock at the same 
date was $71,573 ; and the principal products for 1849-50 were as follows : 



Blind" 


. ... 7 


7 


5 


..3 ... 





....1 




10 


3 . 


4 


4 


1 







3 


4 


3 


1 


0.... 





Total 


27... 


...23.-., 


....14.... 


...10 


2.... 


...1 



Wheat bushels - .17,370 

Indian corn " ..65,280 

Tobacco pounds . - 15,000 



Wine gallons . . 863 

Hay - tons.. 1,974 

Butter pounds . .14,869 



And the value of homemade manufactures was $75. 

Of the 427 manufacturing establishments, one was engaged in the manufacture of cotton 
goods; owe in those of wool ; and two in making castings: the remainder being distributed 
to a variety of handicrafts. The statistics of the specified manufactures were as follows : 



108 GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE DISTRICT QF COLUMBIA. 

Cotton. Woolen. C'ist-Iron. 

Capital invested dollars ... .8^000 700 14,000 

Value of raw materials " ....67,000 1,630 18,100 

Hand-s employed, males number.... 41 2 27 

" ' females " 103 — 

Average monthly wages dollars 1,400 60... 529 

Value of products " ...100,000 2,400 41,696 

Cotton consumed bales 960 — — 

Sheeting, &c., produced yarrfi.. 1,400,000 — — 

Wool " pounds — 5.000 — 

Cloth, manafactured yards — 10,000 — 

Pigiron, " — — 545 

Mineral coal, " — — 80 

Castings made toTis — — 513 

The foreign commerce of the District is limited. In the year ending 30th June, 1850, 
the exports and imports were as follows : 

Exports — domestic produce — in American vessels S72,175 

« « in foreign " 8,213 



Total domestic produce $80,388 

" foreign produce — in American vessels - 200 

Imports — in American vessels - $59,219 

" in foreign " ..- 600 



$80,588 
59,819 



Balance in favor of exports — $20,769 

The number of vessels entered during the year was nine, of an aggregate burden of 
1,414 tons; and the number cleared, 10 vessels of 1,720 tons. Of the vessels entered two 
and 154 tons were foreign, and of those cleared two and 200 tons — the remainder being 
American. G-eorgetown is the only port. Alexandria, formerly a District city, has eight 
times the amount of foreign commerce, owing probably to its being the eastern terminus 
of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. The tonnage owned within the District is 17,010 tons, 
of which 2,796 is registered, and the remainder enrolled and licensed, and employed in tlie 
coasting trade and on the canal. The steam marine measures 1,949 tons. During the year 
1849-50, there were built 8 sloops and canal boats of 288 tons burden. 

The newspaper press of Washington and Georgetown is conducted by the ablest heads 
in the country, and has for its contributors many of the most energetic and powerful par- 
tisans both in and out of Congress. The character and tone of the articles published will 
compare well with those of any other capital of the world. The following list is returned 
from the census office, showing the names, character, circulation, &c. of each : 



Names. Where Published. Issued. Character. Circulation. 

National Intelligencer Washington d aily Whig ) 

" triweekly " > 15,000 

•' " weekly " ) 

The Union " daily Democratic 1,800 

" '' tri-weekly " | ^ q^q 

» " weekly '• J 

TheRepublic " daily Whig 2,500 

" " tri-weekly " 2,500 

« " weekly " 22,000 

Southern Press " daily State Rights 346 

" " triweekly " 2,377 

« " weekly " 5,914 

The Globe " daily* Democratic 12,000 

" weekly " 12,000 

National Era " weekly Anti-Slavery 15,000 

Washington News " weekly Neutral 1,075 

The Huntress " weekly " 500 

African Repository '< monthly Colonization 2,000 

Georgetown Advocate Gteorgetown triweekly Neutral 350 

Potomac Advocate " weekly " — 



Published daily during the session of Congress. 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 109 

Itecapitulation. 

Daily nnmber S circulation 19,640 

Triweekly " 5 " 10,227 

Weekly " 9 " 72,489 

Monthly <• 1 " 2,000 

Washington and Georgetown are the only cities within the District: their description is 
briefly as follows : 

THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 

Washington, the national metropolis of the United States, is beautifully and con- 
veniently situated on a gently undulating surface on the north bank of the Potomac, 
between Rock Creek and the Anacostia or Eastern Branch. The city extends 
northwest and southeast about four and a half miles, and from the east to south 
about two and a half miles. The public buildings occupy the most elevated and 
convenient situations. The streets run north and south, east and west, crossing each 
other at right angles, with the exception of fifteen that point to the states, of which they 
severally bear the names. The capitol commands the streets called Maryland, Delaware, 
and Pennsylvania avenues ; the President's house those of Pennsylvania, Vermont, New- 
York and Connecticut, and all these different intersections form eleven hundred and 
seventy squares. Pennsylvania avenue, which stretches in a direct line from Georgetown 
to the Eastern Branch, passing the President's house to the Capitol, is four miles in length 
and 160 feet in width between these edifices, and 130 feet east of the capitol and west of 
the President's house. The streets, which are from 70 to 100 feet wide, will give a fine ap- 
pearance to the city ; but as yet, few are built upon. The whole area of the city is about 
3,016 acres, and its circumference about 14 miles. 

The longitude of the capitol was determined in 1821 by calculations made by Wm. 
Lambert, from observations conducted by Wm. Elliot, under the authority of Congress, to 
be seventy-seven degrees, one minute and forty-eight seconds (77° 01' 48'') west from the 
observatory of Greenwich, and the latitude thirty-eight degrees, fifty-five minutes and 
forty-eight seconds (38° 55' 48") north. 

Washington is nearly surrounded by a fine amphitheatre of hills of moderate elevation, 
covered with trees and shrubbery, and commanding from many points picturesque scenery 
and extensive views. of the Potomac, or "River of Swans," which, descending from the 
Alleghany Mountains and winding its way for nearly four hundred miles through a fer- 
tile and most attractive country, expands into the Chesapeake Bay, and finally through its 
ample waters mingles itself with the ocean. The environs of the city abound in the most 
eligible sites for villas and country seats for the wealthy and retired, and such will doubt- 
lessly be multiplied as the great advantages of the metropolis become more extensively 
known. 

The first recorded communication in regard to the laying out of the city is from the pen 
of General Washington, dated March 11, 1791; and in a letter dated April 30, 1791, he 
(■alls it the Federal City. About four months later the name which it now bears, City of 
Washington, was adopted by the commissioners appointed to lay it out. The original pro- 
prietors of the land, Daniel Carroll, Notley Young, David Burns, and Samuel Davidson, 
in consideration of the great benefits which they expected to derive from the location of 
the seat of government, conveyed in trust to the commissioners for the use of the public, 
and for the purpose of establishing the city, the whole of their respective lands which 
were included within the lines of the city, upon condition that after retaining for the pub- 
lic the ground of the streets, and any number of squares that the President might think 
proper for public improvements or other public uses, the lots should be equally divided 
between the public and the respective proprietors. By this means the public obtained 
possession of more than 10,000 lots; from which, in addition to a donation of $192,000 / 
from Virginia and Maryland, funds were to be raised to defray the expenses of the public 
buildings and other necessary objects. A French engineer. Major L'Enfant, was employed 
in 1791 to furnish a plan, and lay out the city ; but owing to some difference betAveen 
him and the commissioners he was soon dismissed, and Mr. Ellicott, in 1792, was appoint- 
ed. The corner stone of the capitol was laid with masonic honors on the 18th September, 
1793, and the city was first occupied as the seat of the general government in 1800. 



no 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



The public buildinga of Washington are the Capitol, the Executive Mansion, the State 
Offices, Treasury Buildings, "War Offices, Navy Offices, Offices of the Secretary of the In- 
terior, Post-Office, Office of the Attorney-General, National Observatory, the Arsenal, 
Navy Yard, Smithsonian Institute, National Medical College, Columbian College, Coast 
Survey Office, City Hall, National Institute, numerous churches, the hotels, and many 
others devoted to a variety of useful, literary, and benevolent purposes. 

The Capitol is situate on an area of 30 acres, inclosed by an iron railing. The build- 
ing stands on the western portion of this plat, and is so elevated as to command a 
view of the entire city, including Georgetown Heights, the windings of the Potomac, and 
the city of Alexandria. It was commenced in 1793, with Mr. Hallet as architect, who 
was succeeded in that capacity by Mr. Hadfield, Mr. Hoban, and Mr. Latrobe. During 
the embargo the works were suspended, and as the British subsequently demolished much 
of what had been accomplished by the above gentlemen, the government in 1S15 found it 
necessary to reconstruct the whole edifice. It was finished, as it now stands, under the 
superintendence of Mr. C. Bulfinch. The exterior exhibits a rusticated basement of the 
height of the first story, the two other stories are comprised in a Corinthian elevation of 
pilasters and columns; these columns, which are thirty feet in height, form an advancing 
portico, on the east, one hundred and sixty feet in extent, the centre of which is crowned 
with a pediment of eighty feet span ; while a receding loggia one hundred feet in extent 
distinguishes the centre of the west front. The building is surrounded by a balustrade of 
stone, and covered with a lofty dome in the centre, and a flat dome on each wing. The 
dimensions of the building are, length of front 352 feet 4 inches, depth of wings 121 feet 
6 inches, and the height to the top of centre dome 145 feet. The cost up to 1828, when 
it may be said to have been completed, was nearly $1,800,000. During the session of Con- 
gress, 1850-51, appropriations were made for the further enlargement of the Capitol by the 
addition of two new wings of 238 by 140 feet each wing; and when these are completed, 
the whole Capitol, including the space between the wings and the main building, will 
cover an area of four and one-third acres. The corner-stone of the extension was laid by 
President Fillmore on the 4th of July, 1851, with Masonic ceremonies, on which occasion 
the Hon. Daniel Webster delivered a brilliant oration. 

The Senate Chamber is in the second story of the north wing, of a semi-circular form, 
seventy-five feet long, and forty-five high; a screen of Ionic columns, with capitals, sup- 
port a gallery to the east, forming a loggia below ; and a gallery of iron pillars and railings 
of a light structure, projects from the circular walls, and the dome ceilings are enriched 
with square caissons of stucco. The walls are partially covered with drapery, and columns 
of breccia, or Potomac marble, support the eastern gallery. The chamber, upon the whole, 
is a handsome affiiir ; but it is now felt to be too small for the comfort of so large a body 
as that which annually convenes there, and the access to it is notoriously inconvenient. 
The only painting which adorns the Senate Chamber is a portrait of Washington. 

The Hall of PLcpresentatives is also of a semi-circular form, and of course much larger 
than the Senate Chamber. It is in the second story of the south wing, ninety-six feet 
long and sixty feet high. It is surrounded with twenty-four columns of the variegated 
Potomac marble, with capitals of white Italian marble of the Corinthian order, and sur- 
mounting a base of freestone, and the dome of the hall is painted in imitation of that of 
the Pantheon of Rome. From the centre of the dome hangs a massive gilt chandelier, 
and high over the Speaker's chair, which is elevated and canopied, is placed the model of 
a colossal figure of Liberty supported by an eagle just ready to fly, the work of Italian 
artists named Causici and Valaperti, the last of whom is thought to have committed sui- 
cide soon after accomplishing this work. In front of the chair, and immediately over the 
main entrance, stands a statue in marble representing History recording the events of the 
nation. She is placed on a winged car, rolling around a globe, on which are delineated 
the signs of the Zodiac, and the wheel of the car is the face of the clock of the hall ; and 
this is also the work of a foreign artist named Pranzoni. Two full-length portraits, 
one of Washington and one of Lafayette, adorn the walls on either side of the chair, and 
in every direction are displayed ample folds of crimson drapery. The galleries of this hall 
are so extensive as nearly to encircle it, and the general arrangement of the room is 
such as to render the members and the audience as comfortable as possible. 

A few of the regulations which appertain to the Senate Chamber and the Hall of 
Representatives during the sessions of Congress may hero be mentioned. The gentleman 
whose duty it is to preside in the former is the Vice-President of the United States; but 
the Speaker of the House is elected to that position from its own body, and serves during 
all the sessions of one Congres.s. The only persons, besides the members, admitted to 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. Hi 



the floors of the two chambers, are the President and his Secretary, the Heads of the 
Departments and Bureaus, the Diplomatic Corps, all Governors of States, and all the ex- 
members of Congress, ex-Presidents, and ex-Governors, (fee, &c. ; as a privilege, how- 
ever, the members can in person convey any friend to a seat in the lobby of the Senate 
or House. The regular business hours in the legislative halls, during the sittings of Con- 
gress, are from 12 to 3 o'clock ; but Avhen there is a pressure of business, towards the close 
of a session, it is customary to sit day and night, for many hours continuously. 

The next interesting feature of the Capitol to be described is the Rotundo. It occu- 
pies the centre, and is ninety-six feet in diameter, and the same number of feet high. The 
dome is hemispherical and filled with large plain caissons ; the room in its circuit is divided 
into eight panels, intended for paintings, seven of which are already filled ; and stationed 
between these panels are four bas-relievos of historical subjects, one representing the 
Preservation of Capt. Smith by Pocahontas^ one the Landing of the Pilgrims on Plymouth 
Pockj one the Conflict between Daniel Boone and the Indians, and the other Penn's IVeaty 
with the Indians. In addition to these specimens of sculpture are also displayed, encircled 
with floral wreaths, the heads of Columbus, Raleigh, La Salle, and Cabot ; — all these pro- 
duction? of the chisel being from the hands of Causici and Capellano. In niches on the out- 
side of the east door are also two statues of colossal size representing Peace and War, from 
the chisel of Persico. Of the paintings four are by Col. John Trumbull, one by Weir, one 
by Vanderlyn, and one by Chapman ; — the order for the remaining vacancy not having 
yet been filled. The subjects of Trumbull's pictures are first, the ^^Declaration of Inde- 
pendence," the essential object of which was, to preserve the portraits of the men who 
were the authors of that Declaration. As Col. Trumbull was one of the aids of General 
Washington in the Revolutionary War, he had the best of opportunities for obtaining the 
portraits from the living men, and the consequense is that we have authentic likenesses 
in this picture of the worthies personated. The second of Trumbull's pictures represents 
the " Surrender of General Burgoyne." To the intelligent spectator it will tell its own 
story. The third of the Revolutionary paintings represents the " Surrender of the 
British Army, commanded by Lord CornwaUis, at Yorhtoiun, in Virginia." This picture 
contains the portraits of the principal officers of America, France and England. The 
fourth and last of Trumbull's paintings represents the ^'■Resignation of General Washing- 
ton at Annapolis. The subjects of the remaining pictures are the ^^Embarkation of the 
Pilgrims from Leyden," by Weir; the '■^ Landing of Columbus," hj YunAevXyn; and the 
^■Baptism of Pocahontas," by Chapman. As these illustrate scenes connected with the 
very earliest history of our country, none but the leading figures are to be considered in 
the aspect of authentic portraits. 

The Congressional Library is unquestionably one of the chief attractions of the 
Capitol. The principal room, of which there are three, faces the west, and is a 
large and handsome affair, ninety-two feet long, thirty-four wide, and thirty-six 
high ; divided into twelve alcoves, ornamented with fluted pilasters, and in every 
direction are displayed portraits and busts, cases of medals and other works of art^ 
The number of volumes which it contains is about 50,000, and the catalogue, which is 
arranged on the system of Lard Bacon, comprises the following table of chapters : Ancient 
History, Modern History, of all the countries of Europe, Asia, Africa, and America, 
American Newspapers, Ecclesiastical History, Natural Philosophy, Agriculture, Chemistry, 
Surgery, Medicine, Anatomy, Zoology, Botany, Mineralogy and Conchology, Occupations 
of Man, Technical Arts, Ethics, Religion, Common Law, Reports in every department of 
Learning and Legislation, Politics, Mathematics, Astronomy, Geography, Fine Arts, and 
all the Standards in Polite Literature, with many valuable Original Manuscripts. The 
original library, which was collected under the direction of Mr. Gallatin and Mr. Mitchell, 
in 1800, was destroyed by fire during the last war, and that which now enriches 
the Capitol, was founded upon one which was purchased by Congress, in 1814, of Thomas 
Jefferson, for $23,000. The yearly average increase is about 1,800 volumes. The sum 
of $5,000 is annually appropriated by Congress for miscellaneous books, and $1,000 for 
law books. In 1851 the library lost many valuable works from an accidental fire. The 
affairs of the library are indirectly in charge of a Library Committee, consisting of mem- 
bers from the two houses of Congress, but the immediate superintendents are a librarian 
and two assistants. The public in general are privileged to visit the library and examine 
books on the spot, but members of Congress and the officers of the Executive De- 
partments are all who enjoy the privilege of taking away any books that they may 
desire. 

The apartment for the accommodation of the Supreme Court is an ill-arranged, incon- 



112 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



venient and badly lighted room, in the basement under the Senate Chamber. It is semi- 
circular in shape, with manifold arches; and on the wall is an emblem of Justice, holding 
her scales, in bold relief, and also a figure of Fame crowned with the rising sun, and point- 
ing to the Constitution of the United States. The members of the bar are accommodated 
with seats and desks in the body of the room ; and the justices occupy a row of elevated 
seats, and appear in their official capacity clothed in black silk gowns or robes. 

In addition to the apartments of the Capitol already specified, it should be mentioned 
that there is also a large number of oi'dinary, but well furnished rooms, which are occu- 
pied by the Vice-President, the Speaker of the House, and other officers, by the Post- 
masters of Congress, the Public Documents, and the Committees of the two houses. 

In regard to the Capitol grounds we have only to say, that they are not only exten- 
sive, but are kept in the very neatest order, constituting one of the very pleasantest and 
most popular resorts for promenading to be found in the metropolis. They command 
most charming prospects of the surrounding country, are adorned with a great variety of 
American trees, fountains and basins of pure water enliven them in various parts, and an 
air of superior refinement is given to them, by a number of pieces of statuary, the most 
attractive specimens being a statue of Washington, by Greenough, and a pair of Colum- 
bus and an Indian Woman, by Persico, the former occupying the centre of a square east 
of the Capitol, and the two others appropriate places on the eastern portico. 

Near the western entrance of the Capitol stands a monument erected by the officers of 
the navy to the memory of their brother officers who fell in the war with Tripoli. It is 
of marble, rises out of a pool or basin of water, and is forty feet high. On one side of the 
base is a view of Tripoli and the American fleet ; on another the words, " To the Memory 
of Sommers, Caldwell, Decatur, Wordsworth, Dorsey, Israel ;" and on another side, a 
brief but comprehensive history. At the base of the column are four marble emblematic 
figures. Mercury, Fame, History, and America: the column has also appropriate embel- 
lishments, and is surmounted by an eagle. 

The Executive Mansion is situated at the west end of the city, at the intersection of 
Pennsylvania, New- York, Connecticut and Vermont avenues. It occupies the centre of 
a plot of 20 acres, and has an elevation of 44 feet above the waters of the Potomac. 
The grounds are partially laid out in gardens, &c., but are still in an unfinished state. 
The mansion is 170 feet front, and 86 feet deep, built of white freestone, with Ionic 
pilasters comprehending two lofty stories of rooms crowned with a stone balustrade. The 
north front is ornamented with a lofty portico of four Ionic columns in front, and pro- 
jecting with three columns. The outer inter-columniation is for carriages to drive under, 
and place company under shelter : the middle space is for those visitors who come on 
foot; the steps from both leading to a broad platform in front of the door of entrance. 
The garden front is varied by having a rusticated basement story under the Ionic ordon- 
nance, and by a semi-circular projecting colonnade of six columns, with two flights of 
steps leading from the ground to the level of the principal story. 

The interior arrangements of the Executive Mansion are, of course, elegant and con- 
venient, well adapted to the various purposes to which the building was designed ; and as 
the rooms, both public and private, are newly furnished with the coming in of every new 
administration, we deem it unnecessary to trouble the reader with elaborate descriptions. 
All the public rooms may be examined by strangers at any time, but his Excellency, the 
President, can only be seen during those hours which he is pleased to designate. During 
the sessions of Congress the President usually has two reception evenings, on Avhich oc- 
casions the public at large are privileged to pay him their respects and promenade the 
famous East Room. In addition to this, it is generally expected of him that during each 
winter he will entertain at dinner all the members of both houses of Congress and the 
Diplomatic Corps, so that the official dinners have to be given by him as often as twice a 
week. The grounds immediately around the mansion are quite beautiful in themselves, 
but they present a particularly fine appearance duri ng those summer afternoons when the 
citizens of Washington assemble there by hundreds and thousands for the purpose of 
enjoj'ing the music of the Marine Band and the pleasure of a fashionable promenade. 

In the centre of the small square immediately in front of the President's house, stands 
a bronze statue of Thomas Jefferson, executed by whom we know not, but presented to 
the government by Capt. Levy of the United States Navy, the present proprietor of Monti- 
cello, the former abode of Mr. Jefferson. It is a handsome piece of statuary, and in its 
present position has quite a commanding appearance. Directly across Pennsylvania 
avenue from the above-mentioned square, is Lafayette square, which, as before intimated, 
has recently been laid out in fashionable style, and planted with new shrubbery. Mills' 



THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 113 



equestrian statue of General Jackson, which is to occupy its centre, is a work of superior 
merit. It is in bronze, and cast from certain cannon captured by General Jackson ia 
gome of his military engagements. 

The State Department, which stands north-east of the President's house and within 
the same inclosure, is a plain brick building, two stories high, 160 feet long and 55 wide, 
with a broad passage on both floors, and containing in all 32 rooms. It contains a hand- 
some library of books, maps and charts, numbering perhaps some 15,000 distinct works, 
which are indispensable in the performance of the extensive and varied duties of the de- 
partment. In addition to this collection, the Copyright Bureau contains some 10 or 
12,000 volumes published in this country, which are kept with care as part and parcel of 
the archives of the government. It is the department through which alone the diplo- 
matic corps and all foreigners can hold any intercourse with the government of the 
United States, and is of course the head-quarters of all the American Ministers and 
Consuls. 

The Treasury Department stands at the eastern extremity of the President's square, 
(so called,) and is a stone edifice, painted white, 340 feet long, and 170 wide, but when 
the northern and southern wings are added, it will be 457 feet in length. In front is an 
imposing colonnade, stretching the entire length of the building, and the architect of the 
whole was Robert Mills. It has three floors upon which business is transacted, on each end 
of which are nearly fifty apartments. This is the department where all the financial and 
commercial affairs of the country are attended to, and the amount of labor performed 
here at times is immense. A good legal library is attached to this department. 

Tlie War Department building occupies the northwest corner of the President's square, 
and is precisely similar in design to the State Department. It is the head-quarters of all 
the officers of the army, and the mainspring of all the military movements. This depart- 
ment comprises the War Office proper, the Quartermaster's Department, the Engineer's 
Department, Bureau of Topographical Engineers, Ordnance Office, Subsistence Depart- 
ment, Pay Department, Medical Department, Office of Adjutant-G-eneral, and the head- 
quarters of the Major-Greneral or military Commander-in-chief of the Army. The War 
Department is furnished with a valuable library of some 10,000 volumes. 

The Navy Department building lies directly west of the President's house, and in the 
rear of the War Department. It has five bureaus, exclusive of the Secretary's office, viz : 
— Bureau of the Navy Yards and Docks, Bureau of Construction, Equipment and Repair ; 
Bnreau of Provisions and Clothing, Bureau of Ordnance and Ilydrography, and Bureau 
cf Medicine and Surgery. 

The Department of the Interior, or Home Department, is the most extensive con- 
nected with the government. The building which it is destined to occupy, is yet un- 
finished ; but when completed it will be the most extensive and most interesting in the 
metropolis. A portion of it is already occupied by one of the bureaus of the department, 
(the Patent Office,) and also by the museum of the National Institute. The titles of the 
bureaus connected with the Interior Department are as follows : — Land Office, Patent 
Offii-e, Indian Office, and Pension Office. As its name indicates, this department has to 
do exclusively with all those matters bearing upon the internal economy of the United 
States, au'i is, of course, increasing in importance with every successive year. A library 
of some five thousand volumes is attached to this department. In the second story of 
the building now occupied by the Patent Office are the invaluable relics of Washington, 
incluling his camp chest, the original Declaration of Independence, the gifts presented 
from time to time to the government by foreign powers, Franklin's printing press, a col- 
lection of Indian portraits by King, the treasures of the National Institute, interesting me- 
morials of the late James Smithson, and the extensive and rare treasures secured by the 
U. S. Exploring Expedition, under Capt. Wilkes, in almost every department of national 
history and human ingenuity. Everything here is open to the inspection of the public, 
and the hall is one of the most interesting for the stranger to visit to be found in the 
metropolis. In the first story of the same building are collected all the models of the 
ma';hinc3 which have been patented since the foundation of the government. 

The Post-Offioe Department was designed and built by Mr. Mills, of white marble and 
after the Corinthian order. It is three stories high, and two hundred and four feet long, 
and one hundred and two deep : it contains twenty-seven rooms on each floor, making 
eighty-one in all. It occupies a central position in the city, near the Department of the 
Interior, both of which are about half a miic from the President's square and the other 
departments. 

With regard to the Office of the Attorney-Greneral, which we have classed with the 



114 THE CITY OP WASHINGTON. 



Executive branches of the government, we have only to say that it derives its chief at- 
traction from the person who may occupy it, who must be, of necessity, a man of dis- 
tinguished ability. Rooms are assigned to him in the Treasury building, and it is to him 
that all knotty questions, in all the departments, are submitted for final settlement. 

The Natiomal Observatory is situated on the banks of the Potomac, in an oblique 
direction from the President's house, towards G-eorgetown. The site is a beautiftU one, 
having a commanding view of Washington and Georgetown, of ihe Potomac Eiver, and 
surrounding country, as far down as Fort Washington, opposite to Mount Vernon. 

It is a naval institution, under the control and management of Lieutenant M. P. Maury, 
U. S. N. The force employed at it consists principally of naval officers. 

Besides the astronomical duties of the establishment, here are kept all the nautical 
books, charts and instruments belonging to the navy. 

The apartment in which the chronometers are kept is a very interesting one. Before 
one of these instruments is purchased by government, it is required to be put on trial by 
the Superintendent of the Observatory for one year ; during which period it is compared 
daily with the great astronomical clock of the Observatory, which regulates the time for 
the whole city. The temperature of the room in which it is kept is also carefully ob- 
served, and recorded every day. The test is a severe one, and in case the instrument 
fails to come up to it, it is returned to the maker at the end of the year. 

The observations on the temperature in connection with the performance of the chro- 
nometer, enable the maker to imjjrove the instrument, and on a second trial of another 
year it rarely fails to pass. 

There are from 60 to 100 chronometers always in this room, all of which are daily 
wound, and compared and treated in the manner described. Thus a complete and minute 
history is kept of each one. 

Here also are conducted the celebrated researches connected with the " Wind and 
Current Charts ;" the habits of the Whale, and a variety of phenomena connected with the 
great deep. 

The National Observatory of Washington occupies a high rank among the observatories 
of the world, there being but two — those of Russia and Greenwich — superior to it. 

The largest telescope, called the Equatorial, is a 14 feet refractor, with an object-glass 
of 9 inches. It is mounted in the revolving dome on the top of the main building; and 
is so arranged with clock-work and machinery, that being directed to a star in the morn- 
ing, it may be left alone, when on returning to it in the evening, it will have followed the 
path of the star so exactly, that it will be found still pointing to the star, and the star 
will be visible through it. With its powers the stars are visible at mid-day. 

In one room below are the Meridian and Mural Circles. In another the Transit instru- 
ment; in another, the Prime Vertical instrument; and in another yet, the Great Refrac- 
tion Circle, invented by the superintendent: it is made by Ertel & Son, Munich, and 
taken altogether is, perhaps, one of the finest instruments anywhere to be found. 

But perhaps the most wonderful object at this interesting establishment is the Electro- 
Chronograph, invented by Dr. Locke, of Cincinnati. 

It is in the room with the Transit instrument, and is so arranged, by its connection 
with an electrical batteiy in the building, that its ticks may be heard in any part of the 
country to which the magnetic wires lead, provided they be put in connection with it 
Thus it may be made of itself to record the time, and in such a manner, that the astrono- 
mer in Boston, New-Orleans, or elsewhere, will know it, and tell the time of day by this 
clock, as well as one who stands before it and reads the hands on its face. 

The Observatory regulates the time for Washington and Georgetown by the falling of 
a ball. At ten minutes before mean noon every day, a large black ball is hoisted to a flag 
staff, standing on the top of the dome. This is to give warning for those who wish to 
get the exact time of the day to look out. Precisely at twelve the ball drops. The whole 
city is informed of the exact time. 

The Arsenal occupies a fine position on the extreme southern point of the city, (called 
Greenleafs Point,) at the junction of the Eastern Branch with the Potomac, command- 
ing a beautiful and extensive view, over a broad expanse of water, towards the cities of 
Washington and Georgetown on the north, and Alexandria on the south. The channels 
of both rivers running near the Arsenal shore, afford all requisite facihties for receiving 
and shipping ordnance and other military stores. 

Although this site was originally reserved for the purpose of an arsenal, it was not oc- 
cupied by any building of importance until after the peace of 1814, when the building of 
the present establishment was commenced under the direction of the late Col. George 



THE CITY OF WASHINOTON. 115 



Bomford. From the small square embraced in the first plan, the buildings have been 
gradually extended until they occupy nearly the whole reservation, and form one of tho 
principal arsenals of construction in the United States. 

The work-shops contain much useful and ingenious machinery, propelled by steam, for 
manufacturing gun-carriages and equipments for artillery, and for preparing ammunition 
of all kinds. Among these may be noticed particularly the machines for planing and 
boring iron and wood, those for tenoning and morticing the spokes and hubs of wheels. 
Blanchard's ingenious lathe for turning irregular forms in wood, such as spokes, axe- 
handles, &c. ; the machinery for making leaden bullets by pressing them out of the bar- 
lead instead of casting them ; and, above all, the beautiful machine for making and charg- 
ing percussion caps for small arms, invented by Mr. George Wright, a workman at the 
Arsenal. By this last mentioned machine, a sheet of copper being inserted on one side, 
and some percussion powder put in a hopper on the other, the finished caps are produced 
without any further agency of the workman. 

In the spacious storehouses of the Arsenal are to be seen arms and equipments for the 
troops ; also a large number of gun-carriages and other apparatus for the service of the 
artillery in the forts and in the field, from the ponderous Columbiad for the defence of the 
coast, to the little mountain howitzer, which may be transported, with its miniature 
smith's forge, on the back of a mule. 

The Model Office contains a collection of models or patterns of the various arms and 
military equipments used in our service, and also of such of those used in the armies of 
other nations as have been obtained by the ordnance department. Here may also be seen 
some specimens of old and new inventions, repeating arms, revolvers, &c., which have 
been suggested, at home or abroad, by the organ of destructiveness. 

In the gun lot are arranged many pieces of ordnance and piles of balls, mostly of heavy 
calibre for tiie armament of the forts. 

In front of the old Arsenal square a small collection of foreign brass cannon will attract the 
notice of the visitor, who will perceive by the inscriptions that some of them are trophies 
of the success of our arms at Saratoga, Yorktown, Niagara, and Vera Cruz. The guns 
and carriages of Duncan's field battery, which performed distinguished services on nearly 
■every field of battle in the Mexican War, are Ukewise preserved at the Arsenal as a 
saluting battery. 

On the west side of the Arsenal grounds, near the river, are two pyramidal structures 
which often attract the curiosity of visitors, and of persons passing by the Arsenal. These 
buildings contain an apparatus called a BaUistic Pendulum, which is used for testing the 
force of gunpowder •«-hen fired in heavy ordnance, and also for trying many other interest- 
ing experiments in gunnery. 

The Navy Yard is situated on the " Anacostia," a branch of. the Potomac River, at the 
southern termination of Eighth street, east It was established in the year 1800. 

The area covers about twenty acres, and is inclosed by a substantial brick wall, having 
a principal entrance at the foot of Eighth street, through a handsome arched gateway, de- 
signed by the celebrated architect, Benjamin H. Latrobe, Esq. 

Several comfortable residences have been erected for the accommodation of the commo- 
dore, the executive officers, the first lieutenant, surgeon, sailing-master, boatswain and 
■gnnner, whose official duties require their constant attendance in the Yard. 

The meehanioal operations of this estabhshment are various and extensive, and the skill 
of the workmen and the excellence of the materials employed have been satisfactorily 
tested in every sea. Anchors of all sizes, for the naval service, are manufactured by 
the use of two heavy steam-hammers, (termed the " Nasmyth Hammer,") one of which 
weighs 3,600 pounds, the other 2,240 pounds. The forges for this work are kept in blast 
by a fan-blower attached to the steam engine in the machinist's department. There is 
also in operation, in the anchor department, a direct action steam-hammer, fcalled the 
" Kirk Hammer,") in connection with a blast furnace for working up into looms and bars 
all the scrap iron of the navy. The massive chain-cables are made in another shop, which 
is provided with a powerful hydrostatic press for testing their strength. These cables are 
highly esteemed for their superior finish, great strength and durability. 

Another department is engaged in the manufacture of galleys, cabooses, and copper 
powder-tanks, and of the various kinds of brass work appertaining to ships of war. The 
difterent machines employed in making tlicse articles are driven by a steam-engine of 
about fifteen horse-power. A brass foundry is connected with this range of buildings on 
the eastern side of the Yard. 

A large and extensive iron foundry has recently been erected, of sufficient capacity and 



116 THE CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



with the necessary facihtics for moulding and casting the heaviest work; connected with 
this foundry are the machines for boring, turning and planing the steam cylinders and 
other massive machinery required for the naval service. Adjoining the iron foundry are 
the ordnance and boiler-making departments, which are provided with a steam-engine of 
about twelve horse-power. The ordnance department is engaged in the fabrication of 
light brass ordnance, howitzers for boat and land service, of shot and shells, percussion 
caps, nmsket and pistol balls, &c. Some of this machinery is very ingenious and highly 
interesting. The boiler shop contains all the machinery necessary for the construction of 
boilers. 

Close by this range of buildings is a very extensive machine shop, in which are placed 
all the tools required in the manufacture of steam engines and machinery of every de- 
scription. When completed it will afford room for the employment of from one hundred 
and fifty to two hundred workmen. Attached to this shop is an engine of sixty horse- 
power, which also gives motion to the block-making machinery, and to the fan-blowers 
of the anchor-making department. 

On the western side of the Yard is the pyrotechnical laboratory, in which are prepared 
all the articles for the navy appropriate to this department. 

There are two large ship-houses for building ships, under one of which is about to bo 
constructed a Marine Railway for hauling up steamers for repair. 

The grounds are beautifully laid out ; the avenues shaded with fine trees ; the plats 
neatly inclosed, and the whole preserved in handsome order. 

The Smithsonian Institution was founded upon a bequest of more than half a million 
of dollars made to the United States by an Enghshman named James Smithson. The 
object of the bequest, according to his will, was "to found at Washington, under the 
name of the Smithsonian Institution, an estabhshment for the increase and diffusion of 
knowledge among men." On the Ist of July, 1836, Congress solemnly accepted this im- 
portant trust, and the money was paid into the Treasury of the United States in 1838. 
The Act of Congress establishing the Institution as it now exists, was passed in 1846. 

The Institution is situated on the Mall, below the Capitol, and though the edifice is yet 
in an unfinished state, it presents a noble appearance, and is unquestionably one of the 
great attractions of the metropolis. The style of the architecture is the Romanesque, the 
material a reddish freestone of fine grain, its extreme length is four hundred and fifty 
feet, its widtli one hundred and forty feet, and it has nine towers, varying in height from 
seventy-five to one hundred and fifty feet. The grounds which surround it arc very ex- 
tensive, and are now in progress of being beautified. 

To describe minutely the interior economy of this important establishment is not our 
intention in this place. We can only say that its beneficial influence upon the world at 
large has already been felt ; rt has already printed and circulated a number of valuable 
volumes, acquired collections in the way of natural history, and scientific as well as gen- 
eral literature, which are very valuable and very interesting, and engaged distinguished 
men to deliver lectures. The great Ubrary room when completed will be capable of hold- 
ing one hundred thousand volumes. The building is supphed with a leetm'e room, which 
will seat twelve hundred persons; and its museum, when completed, will be two hundred 
feet long, and filled with the wonders of nature and art from all parts of the world ; its 
rooms for chemical experiments Avill be more spacious and convenient than any to be 
found in the country ; and in the western wing, which is one hundred and twenty feet 
long, will hereafter be located a gallery of art. 

The Washington Monument is not yet finished : we wiU not describe it as it is, but 
as it AviU be when completed, according to the design adopted by the Board of Managers. 
It litands on the Mall, between the President's house and the Potomac, and embraces the 
idea of a grand circular colonnaded building two hundred and fifty feet in diameter, one 
hundred feet high, from which springs an obelisk shaft seventy feet in diameter at the 
base, and five hundred feet high, making a total elevation of six hundred feet. 

The vast rotundo, forming the grand base of the Monument, wiU be surrounded by 
thirty columns of massive proportions, twelve feet in diameter, and forty-five feet high, 
elevated upon a base of twenty feet in height, and three hundred feet square, surmounted 
by an entablature twenty feet high, and ci-owned by a massive balustrade fifteen feet in 
height. The terrace outside the colonnade will be twenty-five feet wide, and the walk 
within the colonnade twenty-five feet. The front portico will be adorned with a triumphal 
car and statue of the Illustrious Chief; and over each column around the entire building 
will be sculptured escutcheons, coats of arms of each state of the Union, surrounded by 
bronze civic wreaths, banded together by festoons of oak-leaves, while the centre of the 



TKK CITY OF WASHINGTON. 



117 



portico will be emblazoned with the coat of arms of the United States. Around the ro- 
tundo will be stationed statues of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence : in 
niches prepared for the purpose, statues of the Fathers of the Revolution, contemporary with 
Washington ; and directly opposite to the entrance will be placed a statue of Waf^hington 
himself. The interior of the shaft will be embellished with a great variety of inscriptions ; 
at one point it will be ornamented with four of the leading events of Washington's career, 
sculptured in basso relievo, above which will be placed a single star, emblematic of the 
glory which the name of Washington has attained ; and in the centre of the Monument 
will be placed the tomb of the Father of his Country. 

The National Medical Collegk, instituted in 1823, is now in successful operation. It 
was, until a few years past, known as the Medical Department of the Columbian College, 
from which institution it derives its authority to confer degrees, under an act of incorpora- 
tion from the Congress of the United States. 

The edifice is conveniently situated in a central part of the city — equidistant from the 
Capitol and President's house — near the principal hotels and boarding-houses — and at the 
same time secluded from the noise and bustle of business. 

The requisites for graduating are, that the candidate shall have attended the lectures of 
each Professor two full courses, or one full course in this school, and one full course in 
some other respectable institution. He must have a fair moral character, and he shall have 
dissected during at least one session. He shall have entered his name with the Dean of 
the Faculty as a candidate for graduation, and delivered to him an Inaugural Dissertation 
upon some medical subject, thirty days before the close of the session, and pass a satisfac- 
tory examination. 

The Columbian College, which was incorporated in 1821, is beautifully situated on 
an eminence, adjoining the City Corporation, on the north, and on Fourteenth-street west. 
It is a fine brick edifice, four stories high, and overlooks the city, the capitol, and other 
public buildings ; and commands a fine view of the Potomac, with the surrounding coun- 
try, for many miles in extent. In beauty and healthfulness of position, it is unsurpassed; 
and its local advantages are such as no other situation in the country can afford. 

The College has a good hbrary, a valuable philosophical apparatus, and other means and 
faciUties for pursuing a thorough and liberal course of studies. The last Catalogue, (1850,) 
embraces a President, and twelve Professors and Teachers — including those of the Na- 
tional Medical College, which is under the same corporation— one hundred students, and 
between two and three hundred alumni. 

The Coast Survey Office Buildings, occupied for the use of the United States Coast 
Survey, are situated on the west side of New-Jersey avenue, about a sixth of a mile from 
the Capitol. They consist of four old houses, in a block, presenting a decidedly rusty ex- 
terior, and in no way looking like public buildings. 

The National or Congressional Burial Ground, situated about one mile east of 
tlie Capitol, embraces about ten acres, commands an extensive view of the country, and 
is well inclosed with a brick wall, laid out with taste, and beautified with trees and 
shrubbery. It was located in 1807, and has since been in the keeping of an incorporated 
company. The monuments are manifold, and many of them beautiful ; and in addition to 
several private vaults is one spacious and well constructed, inclosed by a neat railing, 
built by the order and the expense of Congress, as a place of deposit for the dead whose 
remains it may be the purpose of friends subsequently to remove. 

The City Hall, the official home of the City Fathers, was commenced in 1820, and 
finished in 1850, it having remained a kind of ruin during most of the intervening time. 
It is a large and handsome edifice, and occupies a commanding position on Judiciary 
square, is 200 feet in length, and after the stucco style of architecture. The Circuit and 
Criminal Courts hold their sessions in this hall; also the members of the City Councils. 
The Mayor has his office here, and so also have a large number of the city attorneys. 

The Public Schools of Washington are quite numerous: of free public schools there 
are four, with quite a large retinue of primary schools, which are carried on at an 
annual expense of about $12,000. Select schools and seminaries for the echication of 
both sexes, also exist in different parts of the city, several of them of a high and 
established character. Public attention has been strongly directed to these institutions, 
and perhaps in no other city are there to be found superior advantages of education, 
which are annually on the increase. There are also several excellent boarding-schools 
in Washington, and two or three in Georgetown. 

The National Institute was founded in 1840, and has for its object the promotion of 
science in all departments. It holds its meetings and has its head-quarters at the 



118 THE CrtY OF GEORGETOWN. 

Patent Office, and the President is Peter Force, Esq. It has a miscellaneous library 
of nearly 4,000 vols., pamphlets, maps and charts, with a few interesting manuscripts 
and in the cabinet are many medals and coins. The library is always open to the in 
spection of the public. 

The Metropolis is well supplied with. Churches, and considering its extent is quite as 
well supplied with eloquent preachers as any city in the Union. Of Baptist churches 
there are four — one on Tenth street, one on E., and two on Virginia avenue ; their con- 
gregations are all large, and their pastors popular. Of Catholic churches there are four, 
. — St. Matthew's, on H. street; St. Peter's, on Second; St. Patrick's, on F; and St. 
Mary's, on Fifth. Of Episcopal churches there are five, viz: Christ Church, on G 
street; St. John's, on H ; Trinity, on Third; Epiphany, on G; and Ascension, on H. 
The Trinity Church edifice is the handsomest, devoted to religion, in the city. In this 
church, as indeed in all the other churches of the city, a certain number of pews are 
assigned to strangers. St. John's church stands directly in front of the President's house. 
There is also one Quaker meeting held in the city, on I street; and two Lutheran 
churches, the English on H street, and the German on G street Of Methodist churches 
there are seven in the city — one on 4th, one on 14th, one on 5th, one on Massa- 
chusetts avenue, one on Maryland avenue, one on 9th street, and one on Virginia 
avenue. Of Presbyterian churches there are six — one on F street, one on 8th street, one 
on 4^ street, one on H, and two on 9th street. There is also one Unitarian church in the 
city, on D street; and of colored churches there are some half dozen scattered about 
the city. 

Hotels are quite numerous, out not sufficiently so, even now, to accommodate the 
public. With one or two unimportant exceptions, they are all situated on Pennsylvania 
avenue. The names of the principal ones are the National Hotel, Brown's Hotel, VVil- 
lard's Hotel, Gadsby's Hotel, the Irving Hotel, the United States Hotel, the Potomac 
Hotel, and Tyler's Hotel. The finest hotel edifice in Washington is that recently erect- 
ed by Mr. Brown, which is very large, and has a beautiful marble front. All these 
hotels are supplied with the best of a first-rate market, and with numerous and generally 
accommodating servants. From the doors of each, the stranger may at almost any 
moment step into a convenient and elegant omnibus, and go to almost any part of the 
city he may desire. 



THE CITY OF GEOEGETOWN. 



This city, a suburb of Wasliington, is situate on the Potomac, being divided from the 
capital by Rock Creek. It is beautifully located on a range of hills, rising above the 
former river, and stretches in undulating beauty along its borders. 

The Heights of Georgetown are lofty eminences, overlooking the city from the north 
and Avcst. Along these are many splendid villas, the residences of gentlemen of wealth 
and distinction, and extensive gardens in the highest state of cultivation. Notliing can 
surpass the splendor of the panorama here presented. Below reposes the city, to the 
north the metropolis, and, as far as the eye can reach, the silvery Potomac courses 
through the most beautiful scenery. 

The city presents many objects of attraction. Its ancient college, a Catholic institu- 
tion ; its nunnery ; its various literary institutions ; its splendid aqueduct, and oiher noted 
edifices, are worthy of attention. 

Georgetown College is situated on the north bank of the Potomac, at the west end of 
the city, and commands a full view of the surrounding country. In the year 1785 five 
gentlemen, among whom was the Right Rev. John CarroU, first Catholic Bishop of the 
United States, and subsequently Archbi.shop of Baltimore, formed a design of building 
"An Academy at Georgetown, Potowmack River, Maryland." In 1789 the first edifice was 
built ; in 1792 the schools were opened, and in 1799 it became " The College of George- 
town, Potomac River, State of Maryland." In May, 1815, Congress raised it to the dignity 
of an University ; and in May, 1851, a Medical Department was opened at Washington. 
The college buildings are spacious, and contain a fine library of 25,000 volumes, an exten- 
sive Philosophical Apparatus, and a Museum of Natural History. An Astronomical Ob- 
servatory, 60 feet long and 30 feet wide, and fm-nished with first-class instruments, stands 
300 yards west of the college. The academic year begins on the 15th September, and 
ends with July, The curriculum of studies occupies Beveu years, and embraces all the 



VICINITY OF THE CAPITAL. 119 



sciences, literatures, &c., known to humanity. The college staff consists of a President, 
and Professors in each department. The establishment is under the direction of members 
of the Society of Jesus. 

The Nunnery or Convent of the Visitation is situate on the heights contiguous to the 
eastern margin of the Potomac, and commands a view of that magnificent river, and, at 
a distance, of the city of Washington. The building appropriated for the Ladies' 
Academy is of brick, between 200 and 300 feet in length by 40 feet in breadth. It is a 
handsome structure, and in the interior a combination of neatness and elegance. These 
buildings, occupying part of the side of an oblong square, which contains an area of four 
or five acres, a portion of which is laid out as a Botanic Garden. There are other edifices 
of great extent on the same square, comprising the Archbishop's residence, an elegant 
church, the convent, and charity schools. The whole is under the direction of the Sisters 
of the Visitation ; and the course of instruction is one embracing all the accomphshments 
of the age. 

Among other institutions of learning, the most distinguished are — Mr. Abbot's English 
and Classical Academy and Miss English's Female Seminary; both, in their several 
spheres, schools of the highest order. 

The Aqueduct, which conveys the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal over the Potomac, is a 
stupendous work, and an attraction to all men of science. It was constructed under the 
superintendence of Major Turnbull, of the United States Topographical Engineers, and 
cost nearly $2,000,000. The piers, nine in number, and 36 feet above high water-mark, 
are built of granite, and embedded seventeen feet in the bottom of the river, with a 
foundation upon solid rock, so as to withstand the shock of the spring ice, which rushes 
furiously from the falls and narrows above, crushing with tremendous force against the 
bridge, and sweeping every movable before it. These piers, built iu the most masterly 
manner, will bear up against any force that may be propelled against them. This aque- 
duct, connects the great canal with the city of Alexandria, Va. Its length is 1,446 feet. 

The new Cemetery on the heights, when completed as designed, will also be a great 
ornament to the city. It was laid out in 1849, at the expense and under the direction of 
W. W. Corcoran, Esq., the eminent banker, and a native of the District. It is known as 
" Oak Hill Cemetery." A capacious mausoleum, or public vault, has been constructed in 
a central portion, the front of which is of dressed granite, in the Henry VIII. style of 
Gothic. This receptacle is designed to hold 40 or 50 coffins, lying entirely clear of each 
other, and is, by well-contrived ventilation, purified of noxious exhalations of every kind. 
The donor of the land has also added to the cemetery a massive front iron railing a gate- 
keeper's lodge, in the Norman style, and an elegant Gothic chapel, adorned with beautiful 
stained-glass windows — the two latter buildings having been planned by Renwick. 

Georgetown was formerly a port of some note, and had considerable trade, and is even 
now a thriving and busy place. It is connected by canal or railroad with all parts of 
the Union. Of late years many improvements have been made in its streets, and many 
new buildings have been erected. The city is also engaged in manufactures ; it has a 
rolling mill and cotton factory in successful operation ; and numerous flouring mills. The 
general statistics of the city are exhibited on a former page. 

VICINITY OF THE CAPITAL. 

Within a few miles of the national metropolis, there are several places noted for mci- 
dents connected with our national history, or as the residences of men who have gained 
the esteem of the people. Without some notice of these no description of the district 
would be complete ; the most conspicuous are the city of Alexandria, the Village of 
Bladensburg, Mount Vernon — the homestead of Washington, Arlington House, Little 
Falls, &c., &c. 

Alexandria. — This city, though no longer within the District of Columbia, is well de- 
serving notice, enjoying a very high character for the manners and virtues of its inhabitants, 
and also for many commercial advantages. It carries on considerable trade with the 
West Indies, and also with Europe, and with the eastern and southern states. The town 
is laid off at right angles, and is the residence of a number of old and wealthy families, 
who still exhibit the manners of Virginians of the time of " Fitzhugh, of Chatham, and of 
Washington." 

The spectator who, from the western front of the Capitol, overlooks the beautiful and 
diversified plain which stretches beneath and around it, will discern, at the distance of 
about six miles to the south, this busy port. Facilities for reaching it are afforded by the 



120 VICINITY OF THE CAPITAL. 



steamboats, which ply at almost every hour of the day, and also by a bridge across the 
Potomac, and an excellent turnpike. The strikingly beautiful features of the intervening 
country — the graceful outline of the Virginia hills, confronted by those of Maryland — the 
broad and majestic expanse of the Potomac — all conspire to render an excursion to 
Alexandria one of the most agreeable incidents which can await the tourist. 

Few, comparatively, of the interior towns of the United States can look back, like Alex- 
andria, on the vicissitudes of more than a century. Its foundation dates from 1748 ; and 
that it was early a place of some note, is shown by the fact, that five colonial governors 
met here by appointment, in 1755, to take measures with General Braddock respecting his 
expedition to the West. That expedition proceeded from Alexandria ; and tradition still 
points to the site on which now stands the older Episcopal Church, (but then " in the 
woods,") as the spot where he pitched his tents, while the road over the western hills, by 
which his army withdrew, long bore the name of this unfortunate commander. 

But the reminiscences which the Alexandrians most cherish are those which associate 
their town with the domestic attachments and habits of Washington. The reader of his 
letters and addresses will remember that he constantly speaks of them as his old and 
valued fellow-citizens, his kind and cherished neighbors and associates. Writing from 
Yorktown, he assures them that " amidst all the vicissitudes of time and fortune, he should 
ever regard with particular affection the citizens and inhabitants of Alexandria." On an- 
other occasion he mentions, with seeming exultation, that the people cf Alexandria, who, 
on hearing of the ratification of the Constitution by the requisite number of the States, 
had determined to vote a day of festivity, " constituted the first public assembly which 
had the pleasure of pouring out a libation to the ten States that had actually adopted the 
General Government." This friendly interest was manifested on every occasion, and a 
legacy of £1,000 to a free school in the town testifies that it ceased only with his Ufe. 
Nor were the Alexandrians backward in acknowledging, nor have they since been un- 
mindful of the honor which so intimate and cordial an intercourse conferred upon their 
city. Of the sympathies which reassured him in the hour of difficulty, of the acclamations 
which greeted him in that of his success, theirs were not the least fervent, or the least 
welcome. It was this " voice from home" which, amid the applauses of the world, seemed 
ever to come with most acceptance to the heart of Washington. The stranger in Alexan- 
dria is still pointed to the church of which he was a vestryman, to the pew in which he 
customarily sat; and many striking memorials of his varied life are carefully preserved. 

Among the public works which attest the spirit or animate the hopes of the Alexan- 
drians, the first place is undoubtedly due to the canal, recently completed. The intelligent 
observer who views the aqueduct at Georgetown, which forms a part of it, will be as- 
tonished that so stupendous an undertaking should have entered into the contemplation 
of a community like that of Alexandria. Nor is it possible that it could have been eff'ected 
until after long years of embarrassment and distress, had not the timely aid of the federal 
government been extended to the work. This canal will open to Alexandria the resources 
of the Upper Potomac, and confer on the town unsurpassed facilities for manufacturing. 
The abundance and cheapness of provisions, and the salubrity of the air, are favorable to 
this object ; and many flourishing manufactories of iron, leather, peltries , &c., already 
exist. 

In the neighborhood of this city is the Theological Seminary of the Episcopal Church of 
Virginia, with several able and learned professors. 

A new court-house, of large dimensions and handsome design, has recently been added 
to the conveniences of the town. 

The museum, kept in rooms over the market-house, is well worth attention, comprising, 
as it does, more personal relics of General Washington than can be found elsewhere, and 
also a large and curious collection of specimens in natural history. 

The churches and houses of worship belonging to the town are numerous, commo- 
dious, and well attended. Public schools are many, and their exemplary character ha3 
acquired for Alexandria wide repute as a theatre of education. 

Within a few years past, an association, styled the Lyceum, and accommodated in a 
new and tasteful edifice, built of freestone, after the Doric order, has served to evince that 
the citizens of Alexandria are not behind the most enlightened communities of the age in a 
love of letters, or a zeal for improvement. The course of lectures delivered during the 
"winter, brings together, with great regularity, a crowded audience ; and to the ordinary 
attractions of the institution have occasionally been added the names of such lecturers as 
Adams, Barnard, Gushing, Goodrich, Gurley, &c. 

A large cotton factory has lately been erected, also a handsome edifice called Odd Pel- 



VICINITY OF THE CAPITAL. 121 

lows' Hall ; and other improvenieuts have been made, creditable to the enterprise of 
Alexandria. Large quantities of flour are shipped from Alexandria, and recently the coal 
trade is becoming of some importance, while increased attention is given to manufactures. 
Rising by a gentle accUvity from the water's edge, the country subsides into a wide and 
level plain, until it reaches the base of a range of hills, whose summits, at diflerent points, 
(such as Shuter's Hill, Mount Ida, Arlington, &c.,) present a succession of views, which 
for extent, variety, and beauty, it might be difficult to rival. 

The population of Alexandria, by the census of 1850, was : whites, G,390 ; free colored, 
1,301 ; slaves, 1,061 , total, 8,752. 

Mount Vernon. — Tlxis seat of the illustrious man, who will ever be first in the hearts 
of his countrymen, is distant from Washington, on the Virginia side of the Potomac, 
fifteen miles. The most usual mode of visiting it, is by taking a steamboat to Alexandria, 
and a passage thence (eight miles) in a coach or omnibus. 

The central part of the Mount Vernon house was built by Lawrence "Washington, 
brother to the General ; the wings were added by the General, and the whole named 
after Admiral Vernon, under whom Lawrence Washington had served. The house is of 
wood, two stories high, ninety-six feet in length, and with a portico extending the whole 
distance. It contains on the ground-floor six rooms : one of them at the northeast, large 
and lofty, with a fine marble mantel-piece, sent to General Washington from Italy. 

In front of the house, and gradually sloping down to the river, is a handsome lawn, 
embracing five or six acres, planted with poplars and shrubbery. This place, on the death 
of the late Judge Washington, passed into the possession of his nephew, John Augustine 
Washington. The gardens and green-house, planted and preserved by General Washing- 
ton, have been carefully guarded, and are objects of great interest to visitors. The 
library-room remains as when occupied by General Washington. A summer-house 
stands about two hundred yards from the house, and very near the river, and commands 
a goodly prospect of the Potomac and opposite Maryland shore. On the hill side, towards 
the river, at about one hundred and fifty yards west from the summer-house, and perhaps 
thirty rods from the house, is the vault where repose the remains of Washington. 
Everything about Mount Vernon is in keeping with the great man whose home it was. 
The trees are large and shady. The vistas through the woods, commanding glimpses of 
the gUttering river and the passing sails, the green slopes basking in tlie sun, and gradu- 
ally losing themselves beneath the shadowy underbrush, present a beautiful and pictur- 
esque scene. The house itself is two stories high, and surmounted by a small cupola, 
with a weathercock, the gilding of which, though ancient and storm-beaten, is as briUiant 
as if it had been done but yesterday. The piazza reaches from the ground to the eaves 
of the roof, and is guarded on the top by a hght and tasteful balustrade. The pillars are 
large and graceful, and present a simple and grand idea to the mind. Beneath this porch 
the Father of his country was accustomed to walk, and the ancient stones, to hearts of 
enthusiastic patriotism, are full of deep and meditative interest. The interior is wainscot- 
ed, after the fashion of those days, with highly-wrought cornices and shafts. The rooms 
are generally small, except the dining-room, which is a spacious and hospitable haU. The 
whole house presents a curious spectacle. Everything reminds one of former days ; and 
in treading the halls of Mount Vernon, the mind reverts incessantly to that majestic form, 
whose shadow, cast upon those very walls, seems to the mind's eye ready to start before 
us into life. 

The cedars on the sodded vault are withered. Here slept, from the day of his burial 
until within a few years back, the body of the illustrious chief. A new vault was built a 
short distance ofi", and thither he was removed. In a sarcophagus now sleep the remains 
of Washington. The hd is wrought with the arms of his country, and the simple but 
elegant epitaph is his name. By his side, in a corresponding tomb, are the ashes of 
" Martha, consort of Washington." This tomb is surrounded by venerable old oaks, and 
thick shrubbery spreads its foliage down the hill to the water's edge. The evergreen 
boughs of the cedar are interspersed among the oaks, and the position of the sepulchre is 
very picturesque and appropriate. When Lafayette visited the tomb, he descended alone 
intD the vault, and after a few minutes appeared bathed in tears. When leaving the 
vault, Mr. Custis presented General Lafayette with a gold ring containing some of the hair 
of Washington. George W. Lafayette stated to Mr. Levasseur that everything in 
the house was as when he saw it twenty-eight years before. He found in the place 
where Washington himself had left it, the principal key of the Bastile, which had been 
sent him by Lafayette. 

Bladensburg. — History has the name of Bladensburg recorded in her annals. It is 



122 VICINITY OF THE CAPITAL. ^ 4/ 

Bituated on the turnpike road leading from Washington to Baltimore, and before the 
Kevolutiou was a town of some commercial importance, transacting considerable business 
in tobacco, flour, and other agricultural produce ; but it is now only a small village. 

The view presents the heights around the village, and the bridge over the Eastern 
Brancli, which, though it flows here a shallow stream, afterwards assumes the bold features 
of a rivor. The road in the foreground is that along wliich the British army marched to 
the battle, and afterwards to Washington. On this bridge the English fell in columns, 
swept off by the repeated discharges of the American artillery. In vain, for some mo- 
ments, were the commands of officers — in vain, the force of thorough discipline and ap- 
proved courage. The forces could not advance ; they wavered under the terrible dis- 
charge ; and had the scenes of that unfortunate day been equalled by the check given 
the enemy on the bridge of Bladensburg, the metropolis of the nation would not have 
fallen under the fires of an invading army. 

Arlingtox House. — By this name is the mansion of George Washington Park Custis 
designated. It occupies a commanding position on the Virginia side of the Potomac, nearly 
opposite Georgetown. The edifice is extensive, elegant and imposing — two hundred feet 
above the water — and commands a very fine view of the Capitol. At this place are pre- 
served many rare and valuable pictures, and other relics, descended from the ancestors of 
Mr. Custis, and some of them once in the possession of Gen. Washington : for example, 
the Mount Vernon Plate, and the Bed and Bedstead of Washington on which he expired. 
Among the pictures are portraits by Vandyke, Kneller, Stuart, and Trumbull, which are 
alone worth a pilgrimage to the place, where the accomphshed proprietor is always happy 
to see his friends, who annually pay him their respects by thousands. 

The Little Palls. — These are about tlu-ee miles above GeorgetoAvn, and at the head of 
tide-water. The great Potomac is here so greatly contracted that a stone can be tossed 
from one shore to the other ; the fall of water is about fifteen feet ; the surrounding 
scenery is wUd and exceedingly picturesque ; and the spot is particularly famous as a re- 
sort for the followers of the gentle art. The principal game fish caught here are the rock 
fish or striped bass : and the spot is sometimes visited by the anglers of places as remote 
as Baltimore and Charleston. The fame of The Little Palls has been somewhat increased 
of late years, by the fact that it has become a favorite angling haunt of the Hon. 
Daniel Webster. 

The Great Falls of the Potomac, which are well worth visiting, are about ten miles 
further up the river, and may be reached by carriage or canal boat. 



